ABSTRACT
Upon retroviral infection, the genomic RNA is reverse transcribed to make proviral DNA, which is then integrated into the host chromosome. Although the viral elements required for successful integration have been extensively characterized, little is known about the host DNA structure constituting preferred targets for proviral integration. In order to elucidate the mechanism for the target selection, comparison of host DNA sequences at proviral integration sites may be useful. To achieve simultaneous analysis of the upstream and downstream host DNA sequences flanking each proviral integration site, a Moloney murine leukemia virus-based retroviral vector was designed so that its integrated provirus could be removed by Cre-loxP homologous recombination, leaving a solo long terminal repeat (LTR). Taking advantage of the solo LTR, inverse PCR was carried out to amplify both the upstream and downstream cellular flanking DNA. The method called solo LTR inverse PCR, or SLIP, proved useful for simultaneously cloning the upstream and downstream flanking sequences of individual proviral integration sites from the polyclonal population of cells harboring provirus at different chromosomal sites. By the SLIP method, nucleotide sequences corresponding to 38 independent proviral integration targets were determined and, interestingly, atypical virus-host DNA junction structures were found in more than 20% of the cases. Characterization of retroviral integration sites using the SLIP method may provide useful insights into the mechanism for proviral integration and its target selection.
An Improved Sequencing-Based Bioinformatics Pipeline to Track the Distribution and Clonal Architecture of Proviral Integration Sites
