Effect of Mycoplasma synoviae strains isolated from the respiratory and reproductive tracts of chicken on SPF chicken embryos

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) infections in poultry are an important epidemiological and economic problem in poultry production all over the world. The differences between M. synoviae strains are related to the pathogenicity and the course of the disease. In recent years, the pathogenicity of M. synoviae strains has increased, and some of them are capable of causing serious infections. Both horizontal and vertical transmission routes play an important role in MS infection in flocks. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of infection with selected MS strains obtained from chickens showing a clinical form of MS infection on SPF chicken embryos. Ten strains of M. synoviae were used for this purpose. The strains were isolated from the respiratory tract and the oviduct of chickens with symptoms typical of infection with this pathogen. Genetic material isolated from liquid cultures of these strains was confirmed by molecular (PCR and LAMP) and microbiological methods. The selected M. synoviae strains belonged to six different genotypes. Significant differences in virulence between the strains were demonstrated. In nine infected groups of embryos, M. synoviae strains caused weight loss, and in seven groups they produced anatomopathological changes characteristic of mycoplasma infections. The most pathogenic for SPF chicken embryos turned out to be strains characterized as genotype F isolated from the chicken oviduct and strains of genotype C isolated from the respiratory tract. One strain of genotype H isolated from the respiratory tract showed no pathogenic effect on SPF chicken embryos. The study showed that infections with M. synoviae can have a significant impact on the production of chicken chicks in commercial hatcheries and the economy of the poultry industry.

Problems with the Concept of “Pest” among the Diversity of Pestiferous Thrips

Almost all of the thrips species that are considered pests are members of a single subfamily of Thripidae, the Thripinae, a group that represents less than 30% of the species in the insect Order Thysanoptera. Three of the five major Families of Thysanoptera (Aeolothripidae, Heterothripidae, Melanthripidae) are not known to include any pest species. The Phlaeothripidae that includes more than 50% of the 6300 thrips species listed includes very few that are considered to be pests. Within the Thripidae, the members of the three smaller subfamilies, Panchaetothripinae, Dendrothripinae and Sericothripinae, include remarkably few species that result in serious crop losses. It is only in the subfamily Thripinae, and particularly among species of the Frankliniella genus-group and the Thrips genus-group that the major thrips species are found, including all but one of the vectors of Orthotospovirus infections. It is argued that the concept of pest is a socio-economic problem, with the pest status of any particular species being dependent on geographical area, cultivation practices, and market expectations as much as the intrinsic biology of any thrips species.

How Have Governments and the Entrepreneurial Sector Reacted to the First COVID-19 Lockdown?

At the end of 2019, the pandemic caused by COVID-19 and its different mutations is forcing the world to face a significant economic crisis that will change the business world. To cope with this socio-economic problem, a digitation process has been accelerated in the labor market, and a more vital public-private collaboration has been put into action to solve this situation. Despite these efforts, the world is facing a broader North-South gap, and a new business world has been created for the new generations to come. This chapter aims to analyze how the first lockdown caused by COVID-19 has influenced this changing process. The authors conclude that this lockdown has accelerated both the digitation process and the work-life balance. Also, more efforts are needed to fight the psychiatric problems associated with the lockdown.

THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC–MANAGERIAL GOODWILL: INTERNATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

Research background: The concept of goodwill has been a major economic problem for over 200 years. Goodwill creation and quantification is interdisciplinary, for example, in accounting, economics, and marketing. Goodwill is an intangible asset associated with the purchase of a company. Specifically, goodwill is the portion of the purchase price that is higher than the sum of the net fair value of all assets purchased in the acquisition and the liabilities assumed in the process. The value of a company’s brand name, robust customer base, good customer relations, commendable employee relations, and proprietary technology represent a few reasons why goodwill exists. Purpose: Broadly, the value of company goodwill increases the company’s overall market value. In both economic theory and practice, this situation can arise where there is a difference between the company’s market value and book value. Any debate about goodwill is reasonable because the origin of goodwill can be defined, but an interpretation of its value is always a challenge. Methods: This study analyses scientific three databases, namely Web of Science, Scopus, and Social Science Research Network, applying descriptive statistics and science maps. In addition, the study provides a holistic overview of the historical development of the concept of goodwill from 1842 to the present. Findings and value-added: The study works with VOSviewer software. The results provide a holistic overview of the evolution of the concept of goodwill in the scientific commu

Time To Discharge and Its Predictors Among Admitted Patients in Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital North-West Ethiopia, a Prospective Cohort Study

Background Hospital long stay is a serious social and economic problem, leading to elevated medical expenses, increased workload, and financial burden. Patients’ discharge time was different in admitted patients in hospitals. In Ethiopia, there was limited evidence why the patients' length of stay is different in roughly the same condition. Objective This study aimed to determine a time to discharge and its predictors among admissions in Felege Hiwot Hospital in Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020 G.C Methods Prospective cohort study was conducted among 812 systematically selected study participants. The data collected using standardized questionary was entered into EPI DATA and exported into STATA for analysis. Appropriate descriptive statistics were stated. Incidence density to estimate time to discharge, and life table and Kaplan Meier curve to determine the cumulative survival of patients in the wards were used. Cox proportional hazard (Weibull) model was used to examine predictors of discharge. Variables from bivariate analysis with p<0.25 were a candidate for the final model. Adjusted Hazard Ratio with their 95% CI at p<0.05 was used to predict discharge. Model fitness was checked. Results A total of 812 admitted patients participated in the study giving a total response rate of 95%. Fifty-five presents were females; the median age was 32. The total times at admission wards in medical were 1827and in surgical 2050 days. The incidence densities of discharge in medical and surgical wards were 361/1827 and 359/2050-person days respectively. The median time to discharge of all participant admission was four days. Predictors of discharge were age (AHR 1.04(95% CI 1,02-1.06)), family care (AHR .69(.51-.94)), admission source (AHR 2.07(1.39-2.90)), admission time (AHR .57(.49-.67)). Lab.-result delay (AHR .67(.55-.81)), radiological result delay (AHR .78 (.64-.95)), presence of comorbidity (AHR.50(.42-.60)), disease burden group (AHR 2.15(1.84-2.66)), specialty (AHR 0.66 (0.56-0.78)), nurse-to-patient ratio (AHR 1.95 (1.57-2.43)), and medication adherence (AHR 2.83(2.29-3.51). Conclusion Surgical admitted patients discharged in longer time than medical. It is important to emphasize good communication of respective specialties on the lab. and radiology result test waiting time and also teaching the benefit of medication adherence to the patients.

Poverty as a global problem of humankind

Subject. This article considers poverty as a global economic problem and explores its level in the countries of the world. Objectives. The article aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the level of poverty of the population in the countries of the world according to international and national criteria. Methods. For the study, we applied a comprehensive approach using comparison, analysis and synthesis, and the normalized estimate method. Results. A comprehensive study of poverty shows that the phenomenon of poverty is inherent in all economies of the world, and the situation of the poor is deteriorating and complicated by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions. The activities of international organizations to overcome poverty bring good results – the percentage of the population in the countries of the world beyond the threshold of extreme poverty is decreasing. Overcoming the problem of hunger and extreme poverty, countries face a new challenge, namely, ensuring a decent standard of living and establishing adequate national criteria for the poverty line.

Peak Shaving and Frequency Regulation Coordinated Output Optimization Based on Improving Economy of Energy Storage

In this paper, a peak shaving and frequency regulation coordinated output strategy based on the existing energy storage is proposed to improve the economic problem of energy storage development and increase the economic benefits of energy storage in industrial parks. In the proposed strategy, the profit and cost models of peak shaving and frequency regulation are first established. Second, the benefits brought by the output of energy storage, degradation cost and operation and maintenance costs are considered to establish an economic optimization model, which is used to realize the division of peak shaving and frequency regulation capacity of energy storage based on peak shaving and frequency regulation output optimization. Finally, the intra-day model predictive control method is employed for rolling optimization. An intra-day peak shaving and frequency regulation coordinated output optimization strategy of energy storage is proposed. Through the example simulation, the experiment results show that the electricity cost of the whole day is reduced by 10.96% by using the coordinated output strategy of peak shaving and frequency regulation. The obtained further comparative analysis results and the life cycle economic analysis show that the profit brought by the proposed coordinated output optimization strategy is greater than that for separate peak shaving or frequency modulation of energy storage under the same capacity.

Modern Approaches to Diagnostics and Correction of Aging Biomarkers

From the biomedicine point of, view ageing is a natural process, characterized by a gradual decrease in the physiological integrity and adaptive abilities of the body, leading to a violation of its functions and an increase in the risk of death with age. Demographic aging of the population is a serious socio-economic problem, both in Russia and around the world. The main cellular and molecular signs of aging include genome instability, telomere shortening, epigenetic alterations, impaired proteostasis, impaired nutrient recognition, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular aging, the stem cell pool depletion and changes in intercellular interaction, extracellular matrix rigidity, as well as activation of retrotransposons and chronic inflammation. For these reasons, in modern healthcare, preventing premature aging and treating age-related diseases is becoming a priority task. This review presents modern approaches to the quantitative assessment of the aging process using aging biomarkers as functional parameters reflecting the biological organism age at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. This work also considers the actual non-drug and drug interventions allowing to slow down the development of age-associated pathological processes, allowing you to increase the quality and duration of life.