The Immediate Effects of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation of the Cerebellar Vermis on Cerebral Cortical Excitability During a Balance Task in Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Study

Objective: This pilot study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of single-session intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) on the cerebellar vermis during a balance task, which could unveil the changes of cerebral cortical excitability in healthy individuals.Subjects: A total of seven right-handed healthy subjects (26.86 ± 5.30 years) were included in this study.Interventions: Each subject received single-session iTBS on cerebellar vermis in a sitting position.Main Measures: Before and after the intervention, all subjects were asked to repeat the balance task of standing on the left leg three times. Each task consisted of 15 s of standing and 20 s of resting. Real-time changes in cerebral cortex oxygen concentrations were monitored with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). During the task, changes in blood oxygen concentration were recorded and converted into the mean HbO2 for statistical analysis.Results: After stimulation, the mean HbO2 in the left SMA (P = 0.029) and right SMA (P = 0.043) significantly increased compared with baseline. However, no significant changes of mean HbO2 were found in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal lobe (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Single-session iTBS on the cerebellar vermis in healthy adults can increase the excitability of the cerebral cortex in the bilateral supplementary motor areas during balance tasks.Clinical Trial Registration: [www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [ChiCTR2100048915].

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Effects of a single session of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation primed intermittent theta-burst stimulation on heart rate variability and cortical excitability measures

Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.25259/ijpp_339_2020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 ◽

pp. 162-166

Author(s):

B. N. Keerthy ◽

Sai Sreevalli Sarma Sreepada ◽

Shalini S. Naik ◽

Anushree Bose ◽

Raju Hanumegowda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthy Volunteers ◽

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Cortical Excitability ◽

Single Session ◽

Theta Burst Stimulation ◽

Burst Stimulation ◽

Cathodal Tdcs ◽

Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽

Before And After ◽

Theta Burst

Objectives: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been used as neuromodulators in neuropsychiatric conditions. This study is aimed to find the effects of a single session of priming cathodal tDCS with intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on heart rate variability (HRV) and cortical excitability parameters before and after perturbation. Materials and Methods: The neuromodulatory techniques used in the study were Cathodal tDCS for 20 min followed by iTBS for 3 min on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). HRV variables and TMS parameters were recorded before and after this intervention of combined neuromodulation in 31 healthy volunteers (20 males and 11 females; age range of 19–35 years with Mean ± SD = 24.2 ± 4.7 years). Results: The results showed an overall increase in cortical excitability and parasympathetic dominance in healthy volunteers. Other measures of cortical excitability and HRV did not change significantly following single session of combined neuromodulation. Conclusion: This study showed that there is an overall increase in cortical excitability and parasympathetic dominance in the cohort of healthy volunteers following a combination of neuromodulation involving cathodal tDCS followed by iTBS over left DLPFC. Future studies exploring the effects of other possible combinations with sham stimulation could be carried out to explore the utility of dual stimulation as add-on therapy in disorders.

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Training Effects Outweigh Effects of Single-Session Conventional rTMS and Theta Burst Stimulation in PD Patients

Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair ◽

10.1177/1545968308322842 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 373-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Holger Rothkegel ◽

Martin Sommer ◽

Thomas Rammsayer ◽

Claudia Trenkwalder ◽

Walter Paulus

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Cortical Excitability ◽

Single Session ◽

Theta Burst Stimulation ◽

Burst Stimulation ◽

Training Effects ◽

Pointing Movement ◽

Theta Burst

Background. Focal single-session repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the primary motor cortex has been claimed to be capable of improving motor function in Parkinson's disease. Objective. The authors sought to determine which type of rTMS protocol holds the highest potential for future therapeutic application. Methods. Twenty-two patients with Parkinson's disease received 5 different rTMS protocols on 5 consecutive days in a pseudorandomized and counterbalanced order either in the defined OFF condition or with their usual medication. The protocols tested in the present study included 2 conventional rTMS protocols (0.5 and 10 Hz) as well as the recently introduced theta burst stimulation (cTBS, iTBS) and a sham condition. Cortical excitability, motor performance (pointing movement, pronation-supination, Purdue Pegboard Test, walking), and mood were assessed before and after each session. Results . The authors observed motor training from days 1 to 4, particularly in the group on dopaminergic medication. None of the rTMS paradigms excelled placebo stimulation. The only exception was the Purdue Pegboard Test, in which all active stimulation paradigms yielded slightly stronger effects than sham stimulation. Conclusions. Within a single session, no clinically relevant difference in the rTMS protocols could be detected. Training effects outweigh and may have masked rTMS effects, particularly in the group on dopaminergic mediation.

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Determining the optimal pulse number for theta burst induced change in cortical excitability

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87916-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Daniel M. McCalley ◽

Daniel H. Lench ◽

Jade D. Doolittle ◽

Julia P. Imperatore ◽

Michaela Hoffman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cortical Excitability ◽

Motor Evoked Potentials ◽

Pulse Number ◽

Theta Burst Stimulation ◽

Burst Stimulation ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Subject Variability ◽

Secondary Analyses ◽

Effective Doses ◽

Theta Burst

AbstractTheta-burst stimulation (TBS) is a form of non-invasive neuromodulation which is delivered in an intermittent (iTBS) or continuous (cTBS) manner. Although 600 pulses is the most common dose, the goal of these experiments was to evaluate the effect of higher per-dose pulse numbers on cortical excitability. Sixty individuals were recruited for 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, participants received 600, 1200, 1800, or sham (600) iTBS (4 visits, counterbalanced, left motor cortex, 80% active threshold). In Experiment 2, participants received 600, 1200, 1800, 3600, or sham (600) cTBS (5 visits, counterbalanced). Motor evoked potentials (MEP) were measured in 10-min increments for 60 min. For iTBS, there was a significant interaction between dose and time (F = 3.8296, p = 0.01), driven by iTBS (1200) which decreased excitability for up to 50 min (t = 3.1267, p = 0.001). For cTBS, there was no overall interaction between dose and time (F = 1.1513, p = 0.33). Relative to sham, cTBS (3600) increased excitability for up to 60 min (t = 2.0880, p = 0.04). There were no other significant effects of dose relative to sham in either experiment. Secondary analyses revealed high within and between subject variability. These results suggest that iTBS (1200) and cTBS (3600) are, respectively, the most effective doses for decreasing and increasing cortical excitability.

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Reply: A single session of cerebellar theta burst stimulation does not alter writing performance in writer’s cramp

Brain ◽

10.1093/brain/awu322 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 138 (6) ◽

pp. e356-e356 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sabine Meunier ◽

Traian Popa ◽

Cécile Hubsch ◽

Emmanuel Roze ◽

Asha Kishore

Keyword(s):

Single Session ◽

Theta Burst Stimulation ◽

Burst Stimulation ◽

Writing Performance ◽

Writer’S Cramp ◽

Writer's Cramp ◽

Theta Burst

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Plasticity Induced by Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation in Bilateral Motor Cortices Is Not Altered in Older Adults

Neural Plasticity ◽

10.1155/2015/323409 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Daina S. E. Dickins ◽

Martin V. Sale ◽

Marc R. Kamke

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Cortical Excitability ◽

Motor Evoked Potentials ◽

Single Pulse ◽

Theta Burst Stimulation ◽

Burst Stimulation ◽

Motor Tasks ◽

Age Related ◽

Before And After ◽

Theta Burst

Numerous studies have reported that plasticity induced in the motor cortex by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is attenuated in older adults. Those investigations, however, have focused solely on the stimulated hemisphere. Compared to young adults, older adults exhibit more widespread activity across bilateral motor cortices during the performance of unilateral motor tasks, suggesting that the manifestation of plasticity might also be altered. To address this question, twenty young (<35 years old) and older adults (>65 years) underwent intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) whilst attending to the hand targeted by the plasticity-inducing procedure. The amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by single pulse TMS was used to quantify cortical excitability before and after iTBS. Individual responses to iTBS were highly variable, with half the participants showing an unexpected decrease in cortical excitability. Contrary to predictions, however, there were no age-related differences in the magnitude or manifestation of plasticity across bilateral motor cortices. The findings suggest that advancing age does not influence the capacity for, or manifestation of, plasticity induced by iTBS.

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Intermittent theta burst stimulation of cerebellar vermis in schizophrenia: impact on negative symptoms and brain connectivity

Brain Stimulation ◽

10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.600 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 489-490

Author(s):

R. Basavaraju ◽

U. Mehta ◽

D. Ithal ◽

M. Thanki ◽

A. H.R ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Symptoms ◽

Brain Connectivity ◽

Cerebellar Vermis ◽

Theta Burst Stimulation ◽

Burst Stimulation ◽

Theta Burst ◽

Stimulation Of

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Changes in dopamine release in the putamen after a single session of continuous but not intermittent theta burst stimulation

Brain Stimulation ◽

10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.570 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 481

Author(s):

L. Aceves Serrano ◽

J. Neva ◽

S. Feldman ◽

K. Brown ◽

L. Boyd ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dopamine Release ◽

Single Session ◽

Theta Burst Stimulation ◽

Burst Stimulation ◽

Theta Burst

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Modulation of motor cortical excitability by continuous theta-burst stimulation in adults with autism spectrum disorder: The roles of BDNF and APOE polymorphisms

10.1101/2020.05.11.20083162 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ali Jannati ◽

Mary A Ryan ◽

Gabrielle Block ◽

Fae B. Kayarian ◽

Lindsay M. Oberman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Cortical Excitability ◽

Motor Evoked Potentials ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Theta Burst Stimulation ◽

Burst Stimulation ◽

Adults With Autism ◽

Theta Burst ◽

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation

Objective. To assess the utility of the modulation of motor cortex (M1) excitability by continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) as a physiologic biomarker for adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and to evaluate the influences of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms on cTBS aftereffects. Methods. 44 neurotypical individuals (NT; age 21-65, 34 males) and 19 age-matched adults with high-functioning ASD (age 21-58, 17 males) underwent M1 cTBS. Cortico-motor reactivity was assessed before cTBS and thereafter every 5-10 minutes for 60 minutes (T5-T60). Results. Logistic regressions found cTBS-induced change in amplitude of motor evoked potentials (ΔMEP) at T15 was a significant predictor of ASD diagnosis (p=0.04). ΔMEP at T15 remained a significant predictor of diagnosis among BDNF Met+ subjects and APOEε4- subjects (p-values < 0.05) but not BDNF Met- subjects. ΔMEP at T30 was the best predictor of diagnosis among APOEε4+ subjects (p = 0.08). Conclusions. We confirm previous findings on the utility of cTBS measures of plasticity for adults with ASD, and we find the diagnostic utility of cTBS is modulated by BDNF and APOE SNPs. Significance. It is important to control for BDNF and APOE polymorphisms when comparing TBS aftereffects in ASD and NT individuals.

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