scholarly journals Resetting FLOWERING LOCUS C Expression After Vernalization Is Just Activation in the Early Embryo by a Different Name

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jean Finnegan ◽  
Masumi Robertson ◽  
Chris A. Helliwell
Keyword(s):  
Early Embryo ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Flowering Locus C ◽  
Initiation Zone ◽  
Repressive Mark ◽  
Floral Repressor ◽  
Winter Cold ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Female Gametogenesis

The reproductive success of many plants depends on their capacity to respond appropriately to their environment. One environmental cue that triggers flowering is the extended cold of winter, which promotes the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in a response known as vernalization. In annual plants of the Brassicaceae, the floral repressor, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), is downregulated by exposure to low temperatures. Repression is initiated during winter cold and then maintained as the temperature rises, allowing plants to complete their life cycle during spring and summer. The two stages of FLC repression, initiation and maintenance, are distinguished by different chromatin states at the FLC locus. Initiation involves the removal of active chromatin marks and the deposition of the repressive mark H3K27me3 over a few nucleosomes in the initiation zone, also known as the nucleation region. H3K27me3 then spreads to cover the entire locus, in a replication dependent manner, to maintain FLC repression. FLC is released from repression in the next generation, allowing progeny of a vernalized plant to respond to winter. Activation of FLC in this generation has been termed resetting to denote the restoration of the pre-vernalized state in the progeny of a vernalized plant. It has been assumed that resetting must differ from the activation of FLC expression in progeny of plants that have not experienced winter cold. Considering that there is now strong evidence indicating that chromatin undergoes major modifications during both male and female gametogenesis, it is time to challenge this assumption.

scholarly journals The Synergistic Activation of FLOWERING LOCUS C by FRIGIDA and a New Flowering Gene AERIAL ROSETTE 1 Underlies a Novel Morphology in Arabidopsis

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 1457-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branislava Poduska ◽  
Tania Humphrey ◽  
Antje Redweik ◽  
Vojislava Grbić
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Flowering Locus C ◽  
Synergistic Activation ◽  
Floral Repressor ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Morphological Novelties ◽  
Basal Rosette ◽  
Plant Forms ◽  
Shoot Meristems

Abstract The genetic changes underlying the diversification of plant forms represent a key question in understanding plant macroevolution. To understand the mechanisms leading to novel plant morphologies we investigated the Sy-0 ecotype of Arabidopsis that forms an enlarged basal rosette of leaves, develops aerial rosettes in the axils of cauline leaves, and exhibits inflorescence and floral reversion. Here we show that this heterochronic shift in reproductive development of all shoot meristems requires interaction between dominant alleles at AERIAL ROSETTE 1 (ART1), FRIGIDA (FRI), and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) loci. ART1 is a new flowering gene that maps 14 cM proximal to FLC on chromosome V. ART1 activates FLC expression through a novel flowering pathway that is independent of FRI and independent of the autonomous and vernalization pathways. Synergistic activation of the floral repressor FLC by ART1 and FRI is required for delayed onset of reproductive development of all shoot meristems, leading to the Sy-0 phenotype. These results demonstrate that modulation in flowering-time genes is one of the mechanisms leading to morphological novelties.

scholarly journals PERPETUAL FLOWERING2 coordinates the vernalization response and perennial flowering in Arabis alpina

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Lazaro ◽  
Yanhao Zhou ◽  
Miriam Giesguth ◽  
Kashif Nawaz ◽  
Sara Bergonzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Vernalization Response ◽  
Flowering Locus C ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Meristem Identity ◽  
Arabis Alpina ◽  
Floral Repressor ◽  
Vernalization Pathway ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Perpetual Flowering

ABSTRACTThe floral repressor APETALA2 (AP2) in Arabidopsis regulates flowering through the age pathway. The AP2 orthologue in the alpine perennial Arabis alpina, PERPETUAL FLOWERING 2 (PEP2), was previously reported to regulate flowering through the vernalization pathway by enhancing the expression of another floral repressor PERPETUAL FLOWERING 1 (PEP1), the orthologue of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). However, PEP2 also regulates flowering independently of PEP1. To characterize the function of PEP2 we analyzed the transcriptomes of pep2 and pep1 mutants. The majority of differentially expressed genes were detected between pep2 and the wild type or between pep2 and pep1, highlighting the importance of the PEP2 role that is independent of PEP1. Here we demonstrate that PEP2 prevents the upregulation of the A. alpina floral meristem identity genes FRUITFUL (AaFUL), LEAFY (AaLFY) and APETALA1 (AaAP1) which ensure floral commitment during vernalization. Young pep2 seedlings respond to vernalization, suggesting that PEP2 regulates the age-dependent response to vernalization independently of PEP1. The major role of PEP2 through the PEP1-dependent pathway takes place after vernalization, when it facilitates PEP1 activation both in the main shoot apex and in the axillary branches. These multiple roles of PEP2 in vernalization response contribute to the A. alpina life-cycle.HIGHLIGHTThe Arabis alpina APETALA2 orthologue, PERPETUAL FLOWERING2, regulates the age-dependent response to vernalization and it is required to facilitate the activation of the A. alpina FLOWERING LOCUS C after vernalization.

Delay in flowering and increase in biomass of transgenic tobacco expressing the Arabidopsis floral repressor gene FLOWERING LOCUS C

2005 ◽  
Vol 162 (6) ◽  
pp. 711-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Salehi ◽  
Callista B. Ransom ◽  
Hesham F. Oraby ◽  
Zahra Seddighi ◽  
Mariam B. Sticklen
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Flowering Locus C ◽  
Repressor Gene ◽  
Floral Repressor ◽  
Flowering Locus

scholarly journals Antagonistic interactions between Arabidopsis K-homology domain genes uncover PEPPER as a positive regulator of the central floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C

2009 ◽  
Vol 333 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan José Ripoll ◽  
Encarnación Rodríguez-Cazorla ◽  
Santiago González-Reig ◽  
Alfonso Andújar ◽  
Hugo Alonso-Cantabrana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Locus C ◽  
Positive Regulator ◽  
Floral Repressor ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

scholarly journals Overexpression of TCP8 delays Arabidopsis flowering through a FLOWERING LOCUS C-dependent pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Wang ◽  
Xintong Xu ◽  
Xiaowei Mo ◽  
Luyao Zhong ◽  
Jiancong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Level ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Flowering Locus C ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Growth Defects ◽  
Flowering Control ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Abstract Background Flowering is a key process in the life cycle of plants. The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is thus under sophisticated regulation by endogenous and environmental signals. The plant-specific Teosinte Branched 1/Cycloidea/Proliferating Cell Factors (TCP) family transcription factors are involved in many biological processes, but their roles in regulating flowering have not been totally elucidated. Results We explored the role of Arabidopsis TCP8 in plant development and, especially, in flowering control. Overexpression of TCP8 significantly delayed flowering under both long-day and short-day conditions and dominant repression by TCP8 led to various growth defects. The upregulation of TCP8 led to more accumulated mRNA level of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a central floral repressor of Arabidopsis. TCP8 functions in an FLC-dependent manner, as TCP8 overexpression in the flc-6 loss-of-function mutant failed to delay flowering. The vernalization treatment could reverse the late flowering phenotype caused by TCP8 overexpression. Conclusions Our results provide evidence for a role of TCP8 in flowering control and add to our knowledge of the molecular basis of TCP8 function.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document