scholarly journals Sequence of the Mitochondrial Genome of Lactuca virosa Suggests an Unexpected Role in Lactuca sativa’s Evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Fertet ◽  
Stéfanie Graindorge ◽  
Sandrine Koechler ◽  
Gert-Jan de Boer ◽  
Emilie Guilloteau-Fonteny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intraspecies Variation ◽  
Lactuca Saligna ◽  
Lactuca Virosa ◽  
Lactuca Serriola ◽  
Direct Ancestor

The involvement of the different Lactuca species in the domestication and diversification of cultivated lettuce is not totally understood. Lactuca serriola is considered as the direct ancestor and the closest relative to Lactuca sativa, while the other wild species that can be crossed with L. sativa, Lactuca virosa, and Lactuca saligna, would have just contributed to the latter diversification of cultivated typologies. To contribute to the study of Lactuca evolution, we assembled the mtDNA genomes of nine Lactuca spp. accessions, among them three from L. virosa, whose mtDNA had not been studied so far. Our results unveiled little to no intraspecies variation among Lactuca species, with the exception of L. serriola where the accessions we sequenced diverge significantly from the mtDNA of a L. serriola accession already reported. Furthermore, we found a remarkable phylogenetic closeness between the mtDNA of L. sativa and the mtDNA of L. virosa, contrasting to the L. serriola origin of the nuclear and plastidial genomes. These results suggest that a cross between L. virosa and the ancestor of cultivated lettuce is at the origin of the actual mitochondrial genome of L. sativa.

WEEDS AS RESERVOIR HOSTS OF THE LETTUCE BIG-VEIN VIRUS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1141-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Taraxacum Officinale ◽  
Physiological Strain ◽  
Lactuca Saligna ◽  
Sonchus Oleraceus ◽  
Sacramento Valley ◽  
Distinct Virus ◽  
Lactuca Virosa ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

The lettuce big-vein virus (BVV) was recovered from 2 of 23 lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) and 2 of 24 sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.) plants sampled in 1962 and 1963 in areas of the lower Sacramento Valley where lettuce had not previously been grown. BVV is considered to be an indigenous virus of plant species in the Compositae family; these apparently are symptomless hosts and the presence of BVV is noted only when lettuce is planted under favorable environmental conditions. A BVV-Olpidium isolate from sow thistle was shown to be a physiological strain differing from the lettuce isolate in transmitting BVV to sow thistle and multiplying well in sow thistle roots. In addition, the susceptibility of Lactuca spp., Cichorium spp., and Taraxacum officinale to BVV-lettuce Olpidium was tested; only Laciuca serriola, Lactuca saligna, Cichorium sp., and a sow thistle from Japan showed good symptoms, Lactuca gracoglossum and Lactuca virosa showed symptoms poorly. Of the symptomless species, Olpidium and BVV were recovered from Lactuca muralis, T. officinale, and chicory (cv. asparagus) but not from endive (cv. No. 5) or chicory (cv. Large rooted). Sow thistle yellow-vein virus produces symptoms suggestive of big vein in sow thistle but its identity as a distinct virus transmitted by Nasonovia lactucae (L.) was confirmed.

scholarly journals Leafminer Resistance in Lettuce

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beiquan Mou ◽  
Yong-Biao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Lactuca Saligna ◽  
Lactuca Virosa ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Lactuca Serriola ◽  
Highly Correlated

Leafminer (Liriomyza langei Frick) is a major insect pest of many important agricultural crops including lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The goals of this study were to evaluate lettuce genotypes for resistance to leafminer and to estimate heritabilities of three leafminer-resistant traits. Forty-six lettuce genotypes were evaluated in two tests in insect cages. Wild species (Lactuca serriola L., Lactuca saligna L., and Lactuca virosa L.) had significantly fewer leafminer stings than cultivated lettuce (L. sativa) in both tests. PI 509525 (L. saligna) had few leafminer stings and no flies emerged. Leaf (leaf and romaine) lettuce also showed significantly less stings than head (crisphead and butterhead) types, while differences between leaf and romaine lettuces, and between crisphead and butterhead types were nonsignificant. Broad-sense heritability for number of stings per unit leaf area was relatively high, averaging 65% over the two tests. Heritabilities for egg-hatching period and flies per plant were 10% and 15%, respectively. Stings per unit leaf area from the two tests were highly correlated (r = 0.828), suggesting that resistance was stable over different plant ages and against different pressures of leafminer. These results suggest that genetic improvement of cultivated lettuce for leafminer resistance is feasible.

scholarly journals Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) Plants Cultivated under Photovoltaic Panels

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeliki KAVGA ◽  
Georgios TRYPANAGNOSTOPOULOS ◽  
George ZERVOUDAKIS ◽  
Yiannis TRIPANAGNOSTOPOULOS
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Eruca Sativa ◽  
Partial Shading ◽  
Photovoltaic Panels ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Other Hand

Energy demand of greenhouses is an important factor for their economics and photovoltaics can be considered an alternative solution to cover their electrical and heating needs. On the other hand, plants cultivated under different solar radiation intensities usually appear different physiological adaptations. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of photovoltaic panels’ induced partial shading on growth and physiological characteristics of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) plants. Our results indicate that lettuce productivity and the corresponding photosynthetic rate were not affected under the photovoltaic cultivation in comparison with the reference one. On the other hand, the rocket cultivation was less productive and showed lower photosynthetic rate under photovoltaic panels than in the reference greenhouse. The different physiological response between lettuce and rocket seems to be associated with the effect of environmental factors such as solar radiation intensity, temperature and humidity apart from the possible inherent characteristics of each plant species.

scholarly journals Analysis of genetic relationships of genotypes of the genus Rosa L. from the collection of Nikita Botanical Gardens using ISSR and IRAP DNA markers

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 474-480
Author(s):  
I. I. Suprun ◽  
S. A. Plugatar ◽  
I. V. Stepanov ◽  
T. S. Naumenko
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Botanical Gardens

In connection with the development of breeding and the creation of new plant varieties, the problem of their genotyping and identification is becoming increasingly important, therefore the use of molecular methods to identify genetic originality and assess plant genetic diversity appears to be relevant. As part of the work performed, informative ISSR and IRAP DNA markers promising for the study of genetic diversity of the Rosa L. genus were sought and applied to analysis of genetic relationships among 26 accessions of the genus Rosa L. from the gene pool collection of Nikita Botanical Gardens. They included 18 cultivated varieties and 8 accessions of wild species. The species sample included representatives of two subgenera, Rosa and Platyrhodon. The subgenus Platyrhodon was represented by one accession of the species R. roxburghii Tratt. Cultivated roses were represented by varieties of garden groups hybrid tea, floribunda, and grandiflora. The tested markers included 32 ISSRs and 13 IRAPs. Five ISSR markers (UBC 824, ASSR29, 3A21, UBC 864, and UBC 843) and three IRAPs (TDK 2R, Сass1, and Сass2) were chosen as the most promising. They were used for genotyping the studied sample of genotypes. In general, they appeared to be suitable for further use in studying the genetic diversity of the genus Rosa L. The numbers of polymorphic fragments ranged from 12 to 31, averaging 19.25 fragments per marker. For markers UBC 864 and UBC 843, unique fingerprints were identified in each accession studied. The genetic relationships of the studied species and varieties of roses analyzed by the UPGMA, PCoA, and Bayesian methods performed on the basis of IRAP and ISSR genotyping are consistent with their taxonomic positions. The genotype of the species R. roxburghii of the subgenus Platyrhodon was determined genetically as the most distant. According to clustering methods, the representative of the species R. bengalensis did not stand out from the group of cultivated varieties. When assessing the level of genetic similarity among the cultivated varieties of garden roses, the most genetically isolated varieties were ‘Flamingo’, ‘Queen Elizabeth’, and ‘Kordes Sondermeldung’; for most of the other varieties, groups of the greatest genetic similarity were identified. This assessment reflects general trends in phylogenetic relationships, both among the studied species of the genus and among cultivated varieties.

Chemical Defense of Lupins. Mollusc-Repellent Properties of Quinolizidine Alkaloids

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wink
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Helix Pomatia ◽  
Free Food ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quinolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Feeding Response ◽  
Artificial Diets ◽  
Arion Rufus

Polyphagous molluscs such as Helix pomatia and Arion rufus generally do not feed on plants containing alkaloids. Of 19 species tested 10 species were totally avoided, the other 9 species were less attacked than Lactuca sativa, which was readily taken. Plants containing quinolizidine alkaloids were studied in detail. Those species with the α-pyridone alkaloids cytisine and N-methylcytisine were avoided to a higher extent than plants with lupanine as the major alkaloid. Since the repellency observed could be due to other natural products present in the plants besides the alkaloids, the feeding response of Helix pomatia was tested on artificial diets containing quinolizidine alkaloids in various concentrations as the only variable. If the snails had the choice they clearly preferred alkaloid-free food or a diet with only low alkaloid concen­trations. Half-maximal repellency of cytisine is less than 2 mᴍ, of sparteine 1-5 mᴍ, and of lupanine 1-8mᴍ. Since the in vivo concentrations of sparteine, cytisine, and lupanine are equal to or higher than the inhibitory concentrations required it is concluded that quinolizidine alkaloids constitute a potential antimolluscan principle of legumes.

Karyotypic Studies in Artificial Hybrids of Solanum Sections Anarrhichomenum and Basarthrum (Solanaceae)

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Stiefkens ◽  
Gabriel Bernardello ◽  
Gregory J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Genome Length ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Change ◽  
Centromere Position ◽  
Taxonomic Methods

Mitotic chromosomes of seven artificial hybrids fromSolanum L. sect.AnarrichomenumBitter &Basarthrum (Bitter) Bitter were studied(S. caripense Humb. & Bonpl. ex Dunal ×S. basendopogon Bitter,S. caripense × S. muricatumAiton, S. muricatum ×S. basendopogon, S. muricatum× S. caripense,S. muricatum× S. cochoae G.J. Anderson & Bernardello, S. sodiroi Bitter ×S. brevifolium Humb. & Bonpl., andS. sodiroi ×S. caripense).All are wild species except S. muricatum, which is knownonly as a domesticate (‘pepino dulce’). All hybrids were diploidwith 2n = 24. We compare the karyotypes ofparental species and their hybrids to understand chromosome change as acomponent of the evolution of these sections. Statistical analyses ofchromosomes, genome length and centromere position yielded estimates ofkaryotype composition and asymmetry. Comparisons were made by means of ANOVAsand numerical taxonomic methods. Statistical comparisons among the hybridspooled showed much karyotypic similarity among them. Karyotypes of theparental species revealed sharper differences among them. The karyotypes ofthe hybrids except for one combination were not intermediate. In general, thekaryotypes of the hybrids showed relatedness to the karyotype of one parentalspecies. The hybrids involving S. muricatum havechromosomal features closer to it than to the other parental species. Previousstudies showed S. caripense among the wild species to bemost similar to S. muricatum and, as expected, therewere the fewest differences between these species and the hybrids betweenthem. The karyotype of S. sodiroi×S. brevifolium is the most different from the karyotypeof either of its parental species.

Differential Probing Response of Serpentine Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), on Cos Lettuce

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg S. Nuessly ◽  
Russell T. Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Liriomyza Trifolii ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Serpentine Leafminer

Leaf mining damage by serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is a major problem of many leafy vegetables especially lettuce. A hierarchy of leaf probing preference by L. trifolii on romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars ‘Floricos 83’ (FC), ‘Parris Island Cos’ (PI), ‘Tall Guzmaine’ (TG), and ‘Valmaine’ (VL) was determined. Based on stipple counts (puncture wounds in the leaf surface), L. trifolii preferred TG by an experiment-wide average of 3:1 over the other cultivars. In choice tests where L. trifolii were able to select their preferred cultivar, TG was preferred 2.2:1 to 5.5:1 over the over varieties. On 12-leaf stage TG plants, eight female flies produced means ± SEM of 664.2 ± 165.8, 1,581.8 ± 333.8, and 2,084.5 ± 242.6 stipples per plant after 24, 48, and 72 h exposures, respectively. Preference for TG was maintained in no-choice tests where TG was preferred 1.8:1 to 2.6:1 over the other cultivars. Stipple counts on FC, PI, and VL did not vary significantly between choice and no-choice tests, but nearly twice as many stipples per plant were found on TG in choice than in no-choice tests. More probing occurred on all cultivars on the youngest fully expanded leaves in the middle of the plants than on leaves toward the bottom or top of the plants. Preference for these middle leaves was more pronounced on TG than on the other cultivars. The differences in stipple rates followed the pedigrees of the cultivars tested. The character(s) preferred by L. trifolii were apparently introduced into the lineage with a cross to ‘Paris White.’

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