scholarly journals Emotional Gaze: The Effects of Gaze Direction on the Perception of Facial Emotions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Liang ◽  
Yu-Qing Zou ◽  
Si-Yi Liang ◽  
Yu-Wei Wu ◽  
Wen-Jing Yan
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Behavioral Intent ◽  
Similar Investigation ◽  
Facial Emotions ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Specific Emotion ◽  
Happy Mood ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Averted Gaze

Previous research has found that when gaze direction matches the underlying behavioral intent communicated by the expression of a specific emotion, it enhances or facilitates the perception of that emotion; this is called the shared signal hypothesis (SSH). Specifically, a direct gaze shares an approach-orientated signal with the emotions of anger and joy, whereas an averted gaze shares an avoidance-orientated signal with fear and sadness. In this research, we attempted to verify the SSH by using different materials on Asian participants. In Experiment 1 we employed photos of models exhibiting direct and averted gazes for rating tasks, in order to study the effects of gaze direction on participants’ perception of emotion. In Experiment 2 we utilized smiling faces in a similar investigation. The results show that for neutral and smiling faces, a direct gaze (relative to a gaze of avoidance) increased the likelihood of a subject perceiving a happy mood; a gaze of avoidance increased the likelihood that anger and fear would be perceived. The effect of gaze direction on emotional expression perception was verified, but a “facilitating-impairing” pattern was not. The difference between our work and previous research may be attributable to the materials employed (which were more ecological), as well as the participants, who were from a different culture.

scholarly journals Neurodynamics and connectivity during facial fear perception: The role of threat exposure and signal congruity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody Cushing ◽  
Hee Yeon Im ◽  
Reginald B. Adams ◽  
Noreen Ward ◽  
Daniel N. Albohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Processing ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Stimulus Exposure ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
Threat Cues ◽  
Averted Gaze

AbstractFearful faces convey threat cues whose meaning is contextualized by eye gaze: While averted gaze is congruent with facial fear (both signal avoidance), direct gaze is incongruent with it, as direct gaze signals approach. We have previously shown using fMRI that the amygdala is engaged more strongly by fear with averted gaze, which has been found to be processed more efficiently, during brief exposures. However, the amygdala also responds more to fear with direct gaze during longer exposures. Here we examined previously unexplored brain oscillatory responses to characterize the neurodynamics and connectivity during brief (∼250 ms) and longer (∼883 ms) exposures of fearful faces with direct or averted eye gaze. We replicated the exposure time by gaze direction interaction in fMRI (N=23), and observed greater early phase locking to averted-gaze fear (congruent threat signal) with MEG (N=60) in a network of face processing regions, with both brief and longer exposures. Phase locking to direct-gaze fear (incongruent threat signal) then increased significantly for brief exposures at ∼350 ms, and at ∼700 ms for longer exposures. Our results characterize the stages of congruent and incongruent facial threat signal processing and show that stimulus exposure strongly affects the onset and duration of these stages.

scholarly journals Integrating Gaze Direction and Sexual Dimorphism of Face Shape When Perceiving the Dominance of Others

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p6347 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1275-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie C Main ◽  
Benedict C Jones ◽  
Lisa M DeBruine ◽  
Anthony C Little
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Face Shape ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Averted Gaze ◽  
Gaze Cues

Although gaze direction and face shape have each been shown to affect perceptions of the dominance of others, the question whether gaze direction and face shape have independent main effects on perceptions of dominance, and whether these effects interact, has not yet been studied. To investigate this issue, we compared dominance ratings of faces with masculinised shapes and direct gaze, masculinised shapes and averted gaze, feminised shapes and direct gaze, and feminised shapes and averted gaze. While faces with direct gaze were generally rated as more dominant than those with averted gaze, this effect of gaze direction was greater when judging faces with masculinised shapes than when judging faces with feminised shapes. Additionally, faces with masculinised shapes were rated as more dominant than those with feminised shapes when faces were presented with direct gaze, but not when faces were presented with averted gaze. Collectively, these findings reveal an interaction between the effects of gaze direction and sexually dimorphic facial cues on judgments of the dominance of others, presenting novel evidence for the existence of complex integrative processes that underpin social perception of faces. Integrating information from face shape and gaze cues may increase the efficiency with which we perceive the dominance of others.

Effect of the model eye gaze direction on consumer information processing: a consideration of gender differences

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1403-1420
Author(s):  
Qiuzhen Wang ◽  
Lan Ma ◽  
Liqiang Huang ◽  
Lei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Consumer Information ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Female Consumers ◽  
Averted Gaze

PurposeThe purpose of this paper aims to investigate the effect of a model's eye gaze direction on the information processing behavior of consumers varying based on their gender.Design/methodology/approachAn eye-tracking experiment and a memory test are conducted to test the research hypotheses.FindingsCompared to an averted gaze, a model with a direct gaze attracts more attention to the model's face among male consumers, leading to deeper processing. However, the findings show that when a model displays a direct gaze rather than an averted gaze, female consumers pay more attention to the brand name, thus leading to deeper processing.Originality/valueThis study contributes to not only the existing eye gaze direction literature by integrating the facilitative effect of direct gaze and considering the moderating role of consumer gender on consumer information processing but also the literature concerning the selectivity hypothesis by providing evidence of gender differences in information processing. Moreover, this study offers practical insights to practitioners regarding how to design appealing webpages to satisfy consumers of different genders.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-01-2020-0025

scholarly journals Enhanced detection of gaze toward an object: Sociocognitive influences on visual search

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayantara Ramamoorthy ◽  
Oliver Jamieson ◽  
Nahiyan Imaan ◽  
Kate Plaisted-Grant ◽  
Greg Davis
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Averted Gaze

Abstract Another person’s gaze direction is a rich source of social information, especially eyes gazing toward prominent or relevant objects. To guide attention to these important stimuli, visual search mechanisms may incorporate sophisticated coding of eye-gaze and its spatial relationship to other objects. Alternatively, any guidance might reflect the action of simple perceptual ‘templates’ tuned to visual features of socially relevant objects, or intrinsic salience of direct-gazing eyes for human vision. Previous findings that direct gaze (toward oneself) is prioritised over averted gaze do not distinguish between these accounts. To resolve this issue, we compared search for eyes gazing toward a prominent object versus gazing away, finding more efficient search for eyes ‘gazing toward’ the object. This effect was most clearly seen in target-present trials when gaze was task-relevant. Visual search mechanisms appear to specify gazer-object relations, a computational building-block of theory of mind.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Eye Gaze Perception during Infancy

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1320-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Farroni ◽  
Mark H. Johnson ◽  
Gergely Csibra
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Cortical Processing ◽  
Gaze Perception ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Averted Gaze

Previous work has shown that infants are sensitive to the direction of gaze of another's face, and that gaze direction can cue attention. The present study replicates and extends results on the ERP correlates of gaze processing in 4-month-olds. In two experiments, we recorded ERPs while 4-month-olds viewed direct and averted gaze within the context of averted and inverted heads. Our results support the previous finding that cortical processing of faces in infants is enhanced when accompanied by direct gaze. However, this effect is only found when eyes are presented within the context of an upright face.

scholarly journals How ubiquitous is the direct-gaze advantage? Evidence for an averted-gaze advantage in a gaze-discrimination task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Riechelmann ◽  
Matthias Gamer ◽  
Anne Böckler ◽  
Lynn Huestegge
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Gaze Perception ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Averted Gaze

Abstract Human eye gaze conveys an enormous amount of socially relevant information, and the rapid assessment of gaze direction is of particular relevance in order to adapt behavior accordingly. Specifically, previous research demonstrated evidence for an advantage of processing direct (vs. averted) gaze. The present study examined discrimination performance for gaze direction (direct vs. averted) under controlled presentation conditions: Using a backward-masking gaze-discrimination task, photographs of faces with direct and averted gaze were briefly presented, followed by a mask stimulus. Additionally, effects of facial context on gaze discrimination were assessed by either presenting gaze direction in isolation (i.e., by only showing the eye region) or in the context of an upright or inverted face. Across three experiments, we consistently observed a facial context effect with highest discrimination performance for faces presented in upright position, lower performance for inverted faces, and lowest performance for eyes presented in isolation. Additionally, averted gaze was generally responded to faster and with higher accuracy than direct gaze, indicating an averted-gaze advantage. Overall, the results suggest that direct gaze is not generally associated with processing advantages, thereby highlighting the important role of presentation conditions and task demands in gaze perception.

scholarly journals The effect of organizational member's allocentrism-idiocentrism on the emotion expression and favoritism

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-722
Author(s):  
YoungSik Kim ◽  
YongWon Suh
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Emotion Expression ◽  
Emotional Suppression ◽  
Emotion Suppression ◽  
Negative Condition ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Emotion Type ◽  
Survey Questionnaires

In this article, three studies were performed to investigate the differences of the tendency to regulate emotion expression in terms of the organizational member's cultural dispositions. Study 1 four hypothsises. First, allocentrics will have a higher level of emotion suppression than that of idiocentrics. Second, allocentrics will have a higher level of negative attitude towords emotion expressions than idiocentrices. third, the relation between allocentrics and emotion suppression will mediated by negative attitude to emotional expression. finally, allocentircs will be negatively evaluated than idiocentrics who shows emotional expression freely. For this study, data was collected from 196 employees by survey questionnaires. In study 1, it was found that allocentrics have a higher level of emotional suppression and negative attitude towards emotional expression than idiocentirics. The relation between allocentrics and emotional expression were mediated by negative attitude to emotional expression. But hypothesis 4 was not supported. In study 2, we experimented by including positive and negative conditions to examine the difference of emotional regulations between allocentrics and idiocentrics. The results show that allocentrics and idiocentrics do not differ in positive condition. However, in negative condition, allocentrics are more emotionally suppressed than that of idocentrics. Study 3 shows that by applying emotion type we were able to evaluate the fourth hypothesis of the first study. In socially engaged conditions, allocentrics were more favorable than idiocentrics. In socially disengaged conditions shows that allocentrics favored anger suppressing individuals over idiocentrics. Finally, implications and limitations of these results were discussed.

Gaze Direction Influences Awareness in Recognition Memory for Faces after Intentional Learning

2009 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémy Daury
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
The State ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Intentional Learning ◽  
Learning Experiment ◽  
Direct Gaze

Previous research has shown that direct gaze elicits more hits than deviated gaze in face recognition tasks. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the state of awareness that accompanied recognition was different for faces with eye gaze directed toward the observer as compared with faces looking elsewhere. This state of awareness was assessed using the “Remember-Know-Guess” paradigm. Three different experiments were conducted including, respectively, 24 (12 women, 12 men), 24 (12 women, 12 men), and 28 (15 women, 13 men) volunteer participants ages 18 to 31 ( M1 = 20.8, SD1 = 2.8; M2 = 20.7, SD2 = 2.4; M3 = 21.5, SD3 = 3.6). Experiments comprised two incidental learning experiments using, respectively, frontal views and profile views of faces at encoding, and one intentional learning experiment using profile views of faces at encoding. Surprisingly, the effect of direct gaze observed in previous studies was not replicated. The rates of Hits were not significantly higher for faces showing direct gaze than for faces with deviated gaze across the three experiments. However, in the intentional learning experiment, rates of Remember responses were significantly higher in the direct gaze than in the deviated gaze condition.

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