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Author(s):  
Naomi Heffer ◽  
Molly Gradidge ◽  
Anke Karl ◽  
Chris Ashwin ◽  
Karin Petrini

Author(s):  
Markus Koppenborg ◽  
Katrin B. Klingsieck

AbstractResearch on procrastination covers a variety of individual factors (e.g., conscientiousness) and this focus is reflected in interventions against procrastination. Less emphasis is put on situational and social factors that may help students reduce procrastination, such as social interdependence. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between interdependence with academic procrastination and affective variables. Two vignette studies with student samples (N1 = 320, N2 = 193) were conducted and data was analyzed with regression analyses and analyses of covariance. Results of both studies show lower state procrastination in group work with interdependence compared to individual work, especially in participants with high trait procrastination. This difference is more pronounced when interdependence is accompanied by an active commitment to finish the task on time. Further, interdependent group work is related to increased positive affect and decreased negative affect. The results demonstrate the relevance of situational and social factors for academic procrastination, and point toward new approaches for intervention.


2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddy L. Dyer ◽  
Angela S. Attwood ◽  
Ian S. Penton-Voak ◽  
Marcus R. Munafò

State anxiety appears to influence facial emotion processing (Attwood et al . 2017 R. Soc. Open Sci. 4 , 160855). We aimed to (i) replicate these findings and (ii) investigate the role of trait anxiety, in an experiment with healthy UK participants ( N = 48, 50% male, 50% high trait anxiety). High and low state anxiety were induced via inhalations of 7.5% carbon dioxide enriched air and medical air, respectively. High state anxiety reduced global emotion recognition accuracy ( p = 0.01, η p 2 = 0.14 ), but it did not affect interpretation bias towards perceiving anger in ambiguous angry–happy facial morphs ( p = 0.18, η p 2 = 0.04 ). We found no clear evidence of a relationship between trait anxiety and global emotion recognition accuracy ( p = 0.60, η p 2 = 0.01 ) or interpretation bias towards perceiving anger ( p = 0.83, η p 2 = 0.01 ). However, there was greater interpretation bias towards perceiving anger (i.e. away from happiness) during heightened state anxiety, among individuals with high trait anxiety ( p = 0.03, d z = 0.33). State anxiety appears to impair emotion recognition accuracy, and among individuals with high trait anxiety, it appears to increase biases towards perceiving anger (away from happiness). Trait anxiety alone does not appear to be associated with facial emotion processing.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Olszewski ◽  
Radosław Puchałka ◽  
Piotr Sewerniak ◽  
Marcin Koprowski ◽  
Werner Ulrich

Abstract Increasing evidence points to the major impact of intraspecific variability in species characteristics on community assembly. Contrasting theories predict that high trait variability might either steepening dominance orders or promote diversity. Here, we try to test these predictions with understorey plants in a Polish mixed temperate forest. We focus on four important traits (leaf dry mass LDW, plant height SH, specific leaf area SLA, and number of flowers NF) of the small balsam Impatiens parviflora, the dominant species in this forest system. We relate trait variability to community species richness and abundances, as well as to soil characteristics. The variance – mean relationships of LDW, LH, and NF, but not of SLA, closely followed power functions with slopes > 1.5. Contrary to theory, abundances but not species richness of non-I. parviflora species significantly decreased within increasing variance in I. parviflora trait expression. High trait variability prevailed a higher species richness. Trait variability did not significantly influence species composition and was not significantly correlated with soil characteristics. Our results emphasis the need to study trait variability in terms of appropriate statistical standards as provided by the allometric variance - mean relationship. We argue that an individual based study of local trait variability might return important insights into the composition and assembly of local communities.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 12940
Author(s):  
Bangwool Han ◽  
Agung Yoga Sembada ◽  
Lester W. Johnson

Independent and small businesses often rely on underdog positioning strategies to gain market share against larger and more established companies. However, the effectiveness of these strategies remains unclear. The current study aims to investigate how different consumer personalities may influence their responses towards underdog positioning strategies. Two experimental studies with U.K. consumers (n = 349) show that the relationship between underdog status and positive attitudes is not as straightforward as previously believed. The research uses the lens of self-efficacy theory and found that underdog status positively correlates with perceived effort, consumer preference, and willingness to commit only among consumers with high trait agreeableness. In other words, although consumers generally acknowledge the efforts exerted by underdog providers, our study found that only agreeable consumers are more likely to reciprocate these efforts with increased positive attitudes. These findings contribute to the growing literature that examines the efficacy of the underdog effect. Subsequently, the findings have strong implications in ensuring the sustainability of small businesses by ensuring that marketing spending is optimized to target only the most effective consumer segments.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Sutton ◽  
Franz J. Mueter ◽  
Bodil A. Bluhm ◽  
Katrin Iken

Community assembly theory states that species assemble non-randomly as a result of dispersal limitation, biotic interactions, and environmental filtering. Strong environmental filtering likely leads to local assemblages that are similar in their functional trait composition (high trait convergence) while functional trait composition will be less similar (high trait divergence) under weaker environmental filters. We used two Arctic shelves as case studies to examine the relationship between functional community assembly and environmental filtering using the geographically close but functionally and environmentally dissimilar epibenthic communities on the Chukchi and Beaufort Sea shelves. Environmental drivers were compared to functional trait composition and to trait convergence within each shelf. Functional composition in the Chukchi Sea was more strongly correlated with environmental gradients compared to the Beaufort Sea, as shown by a combination of RLQ and fourth corner analyses and community-weighted mean redundancy analyses. In the Chukchi Sea, epibenthic functional composition, particularly body size, reproductive strategy, and several behavioral traits (i.e., feeding habit, living habit, movement), was most strongly related to gradients in percent mud and temperature while body size and larval development were most strongly related to a depth gradient in the Beaufort Sea. The stronger environmental filter in the Chukchi Sea also supported the hypothesized relationship with higher trait convergence, although this relationship was only evident at one end of the observed environmental gradient. Strong environmental filtering generally provides a challenge for biota and can be a barrier for invading species, a growing concern for the Chukchi Sea shelf communities under warming conditions. Weaker environmental filtering, such as on the Beaufort Sea shelf, generally leads to communities that are more structured by biotic interactions, and possibly representing partitioning of resources among species from intermediate disturbance levels. We provide evidence that environmental filtering can structure functional community composition, providing a baseline of how community function could be affected by stressors such as changes in environmental conditions or increased anthropogenic disturbance.


Author(s):  
Siti Khadijah Zainal Badri ◽  
Min Yao Kong ◽  
Wan Mohd Azam Wan Mohd Yunus ◽  
Nor Akmar Nordin ◽  
Wai Meng Yap

Perfectionism or a tendency to aim for an unrealistic standard can impair happiness. However, the potential mechanisms of perfectionism to explain the association between trait emotional intelligence (EI) and happiness are still understudied. This study explores the mediating role of perfectionism in the relationship between trait emotional intelligence (EI) and happiness among young adults. A cross-sectional sample of 259 young adults aged between 18 to 35 years old was recruited. All analyses were conducted using SPSS and AMOS Structural Equation Modeling. High trait EI was linked to low perfectionism and high happiness levels. Furthermore, perfectionism mediated the relationship between trait EI and happiness. Although high trait EI lowered maladaptive perfectionism, the negative impact of maladaptive perfectionism remained and subsequently led to decreasing happiness levels of young adults. This study offers an enhanced understanding of the role of perfectionism in explaining the happiness state of young adults. Moreover, it provides practical implications for using trait EI and managing perfectionism tendency to manage the happiness and wellbeing of the young adult population.


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