scholarly journals Agro-Environmental Benefit and Risk of Manure- and Bone Meal-Derived Pyrogenic Carbonaceous Materials as Soil Amendments: Availability of PAHs, PTEs, and P

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Frišták ◽  
Martin Pipíška ◽  
Gerhard Soja ◽  
Alena Klokočíková Packová ◽  
Michal Hubeňák ◽  
...  

The worldwide boom of biochar and pyrogenic carbonaceous material application as a potential soil additive has brought about not only agricultural benefits such as enhanced crop yield, nutrients supply (P), and soil organic carbon increase, but also, on the other hand, environmental risk of organic (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) and potentially toxic element (PTE) penetration into arable soils. Therefore, our study assessed pyrogenic carbonaceous materials (PCM) produced from the P-rich feedstocks—chicken manure (CM) and bone meal (BM)—as promising and safe alternatives for inorganic P fertilizers. Pyrogenic materials produced in the process of slow pyrolysis at residence time 2 h, 400 and 500 °C, were characterized by determination of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), elemental analysis of total C, H, N, S scanning electron microscopy (SEM), total content of P, selected potentially toxic elements (PTEs), and available forms of PTEs and P by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and calcium-acetate-lactate (CAL) extractions. CMPCM4, CMPCM5, BMPCM4, and BMPCM5 were characterized by determination of total 16 US-EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) PAHs by toluene extraction protocol and available concentrations by Tenax resin approach. Additionally, CMPCM4, CMPCM4, BMPCM4, and BMPCM5 were tested in earthworm avoidance test with Eisenia foetita and short-term rye-seedling germination test. Obtained results showed decreasing of total carbon in the order of BM > BMPCM4 > BMPCM5 and increasing in the order of CM < CMPCM4 < CMPCM5. Total phosphorus content increased from 56.8 ± 1.7 g kg−1 (BM) to 85.2 ± 4.2 g kg−1 (BMPCM4) to 110.5 ± 7.0 g kg−1 (BMPCM5). In the case of chicken manure-derived pyrogenic materials, total phosphorus content increased in the order of CM (22.9 ± 2.0 g kg−1) < CMPCM4 (37.0 ± 4.5 g kg−1) < CMPCM5 (40.0 ± 3.4 g kg−1). Availability of selected PTEs and P decreased in pyrogenic materials compared to feedstock. Total concentration of ∑16-US-EPA PAHs in BMPCM4 and BMPCM5 was 3.92 mg kg−1; CMPCM4, 7.33 mg kg−1; and CMPCM, 6.69 mg kg−1. The Tenax-available ∑16-PAHs showed concentrations of 0.53 mg kg−1 for BMPCM4, 0.26 mg kg−1 for BMPCM5, 1.13 mg kg−1 for CMPCM4, and 0.35 mg kg−1 for CMPCM5. Total P concentrations determined in rye aboveground tissues showed the highest accumulation ability in the case of CMPCM5 compared to other samples. Pyrogenic carbonaceous materials produced from chicken manure and bone meal at 400 and 500 °C have the potential to be P slow release fertilizers and may be ecologically safe.

1981 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 808-813
Author(s):  
Wallace S Brammell ◽  
◽  
C Arozarena ◽  
J Hunter ◽  
H G Kiernan ◽  
...  

Abstract A simple and rapid spectrophotometric method was developed for determining the total phosphorus content of certifiable straight color additives. The dye sample is mixed with a cellulose powder and MgO mixture, and ashed at 500°C in a small Pyrex beaker in a muffle furnace. The ash is dissolved in vanadomolybdic acid reagent and filtered through glass wool, and the absorbance of the resulting yellow molybdovanadophosphoric acid solution is measured at 400 nm. The total phosphorus content of the sample, expressed as percent Na3PO4, is determined from a standard curve. Recovery of phosphorus added as KH2PO4 to 39 different dyes in amounts equivalent to 0.300% Na3PO4 ranged from 95.3 to 106.8%, averaging 100.6%. In the collaborative study, 7 laboratories successfully performed duplicate analyses of 6 different dyes (D&C Orange No. 5, D&C Yellow No. 8, FD&C Blue No. 2, FD&C Red No. 3, FD&C Red No. 40, and FD&C Green No. 3). The mean values found ranged from 0.325 to 6.86% Na3PO4. In general, the accuracy and reproducibility of the method were satisfactory, with single determination coefficients of variation ranging from 3.76 to 9.60%. The method was adopted official first action.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6(75)) ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
T.F. Rudometkina

A method for determining the total phosphorus content in foods containing food additives of pyrophosphates and polyphosphates (E 450, E339, E452) is proposed. The reaction of formation of a reduced form of phosphormolybdenum heteropolyacid was used. As a reducing agent, a solution of hydrazine sulfate was used as a reagent that provides high sensitivity of determination . The objects of analysis were: chicken meat Roll "Snezana", processed Cheese "Cheeseburger", Instant coffee "Nescafe Gold Crema," containing food additives of pyrophosphates and polyphosphates (E 450,E339, E452). The correctness of the obtained results was confirmed by the method of additives.


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