Cathodic Protection Using Aluminum Metal in Chloride Molten Salts as Thermal Energy Storage Material in Concentrating Solar Power Plants

The new generation of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants to be developed presents a great challenge related to the increase in maximum operating temperature since molten salt CSP technologies require alternative salt chemistries such as chloride. The cathodic protection strategy involves the addition of a sacrificial metal to prevent corrosion of the alloy tested as container material in a CSP plant. In this paper, aluminum (Al) metal was analyzed as a corrosion inhibitor in OCT and HR224 alloys, obtaining corrosion rates of 4.37 and 0.27 mm/y, respectively. It has been confirmed that the use of Al metal can reduce the anodic current which is directly related to the corrosion rate. The formation of protective alumina scales (Al2O3) was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming the corrosion model results from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy monitoring tests.

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Anodic Protection Assessment Using Alumina-Forming Alloys in Chloride Molten Salt for CSP Plants

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings10020138 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 138 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Angel G. Fernández ◽

Luisa F. Cabeza

Keyword(s):

Molten Salt ◽

Protective Coating ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Protective Layer ◽

Localized Corrosion ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Concentrated Solar Power ◽

Anodic Protection ◽

Energy Storage Material ◽

Thermal Energy Storage Material

The generation of a natural protective coating in alumina-forming alloys was analyzed using a ternary chloride molten salt as a thermal energy storage material for concentrated solar power (CSP) technology. The formation of the protective layer was monitored using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A protective layer model for the OCT alloy and a localized corrosion model for the OCI and OC4 alloys were obtained after 5 h of immersion. The corrosion rates calculated using the linear polarization technique (LPR), were 8.03, 21.55, and 7.61 mm/year for OC4, OCI, and OCT alloys, respectively. These results were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Our analysis showed that MgAl2O4 was the main protective coating generated by the alumina-forming alloys.

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Perspective on integration of concentrated solar power plants

International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies ◽

10.1093/ijlct/ctab034 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bashria A A Yousef ◽

Ahmed A Hachicha ◽

Ivette Rodriguez ◽

Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem ◽

Abrar Inyaat

Keyword(s):

Power Plants ◽

Solar Power ◽

Electrical Power ◽

High Capacity ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Concentrated Solar Power ◽

Power Fluctuation ◽

Energy Technologies ◽

Production Of Hydrogen ◽

Solar Power Plants

Abstract Integration concept of energy resources can complement between the competing energy technologies. This manuscript presents a comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art of concentrated solar power (CSP) integration technology with various energy sources. Compared to CSP alone, integration of CSP and fossil fuel provides promising solution to solar energy intermittence, emissions and installation cost reduction, with 25% increase in electric power generation. On the other hand, integration of CSP with other sources such as geothermal and biomass can supply dispatchable power with almost zero emissions. The electricity produced via integrated CSP and photovoltaic (PV) has better power quality and less cost compared to that produced by PV alone or CSP alone, respectively. Integration of CSP and wind energy can meet peak demand, reduce power fluctuation and provide electrical power at a high capacity factor. However, the lack of reliable biomass, geothermal and wind data with the solar availability at specific locations is the main obstacle for the acceptance and further deployment of hybridization systems. The advantages and limitations of the hybrid technologies presented in this paper according to the literature are reviewed. Moreover, future directions of CSP such as production of hydrogen, solid particles receivers and the integration of supercritical carbon dioxide cycle are also discussed.

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The effect of concentrated solar power plants on the socio-economic and livelihood assets of the local community and environment

10.1063/5.0028914 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mounia Karim ◽

Heather Almond ◽

Chris Sansom ◽

Nazmiye Balta-Ozkan ◽

Pegah Mirzania ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Power Plants ◽

Local Community ◽

Solar Power ◽

Concentrated Solar Power ◽

Livelihood Assets ◽

Solar Power Plants ◽

Concentrated Solar Power Plants

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Concentrated Solar Power Plants with Molten Salt Storage: Economic Aspects and Perspectives in the European Union

International Journal of Photoenergy ◽

10.1155/2019/8796814 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrzej Bielecki ◽

Sebastian Ernst ◽

Wioletta Skrodzka ◽

Igor Wojnicki

Keyword(s):

Molten Salt ◽

Molten Salts ◽

Power Plants ◽

Solar Power ◽

Economic Aspects ◽

The European Union ◽

Concentrated Solar Power ◽

Eu Legislation ◽

Solar Power Plants ◽

Concentrated Solar Power Plants

Concentrated solar power plants belong to the category of clean sources of renewable energy. The paper discusses the possibilities for the use of molten salts as storage in modern CSP plants. Besides increasing efficiency, it may also shift their area of application: thanks to increased controllability, they may now be used not only to cover baseload but also as more agile, dispatchable generators. Both technological and economic aspects are presented, with focus on the European energy sector and EU legislation. General characteristics for CSP plants, especially with molten salt storage, are discussed. Perspectives for their development, first of all in economic aspects, are considered.

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Concentrated solar power plants impact on PV penetration level and grid flexibility under Egyptian climate

10.1063/1.5039224 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ibrahim Moukhtar ◽

Adel A. Elbaset ◽

Adel Z. El Dein ◽

Yaser Qudaih ◽

Yasunori Mitani

Keyword(s):

Power Plants ◽

Solar Power ◽

Concentrated Solar Power ◽

Solar Power Plants ◽

Pv Penetration ◽

Concentrated Solar Power Plants

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Waste From Metallurgic Industry: A Sustainable High-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Material for Concentrated Solar Power

ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability ◽

10.1115/es2013-18333 ◽

2013 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Nicolas Calvet ◽

Guilhem Dejean ◽

Lucía Unamunzaga ◽

Xavier Py

Keyword(s):

Heat Capacity ◽

Energy Storage ◽

Thermal Energy ◽

Thermal Energy Storage ◽

Solar Power ◽

Low Cost ◽

Concentrated Solar Power ◽

Storage Material ◽

Energy Storage Material ◽

Thermal Energy Storage Material

The ambitious DOE SunShot cost target ($0.06/kWh) for concentrated solar power (CSP) requires innovative concepts in the collector, receiver, and power cycle subsystems, as well as in thermal energy storage (TES). For the TES, one innovative approach is to recycle waste from metallurgic industry, called slags, as low-cost high-temperature thermal energy storage material. The slags are all the non-metallic parts of cast iron which naturally rises up by lower density at the surface of the fusion in the furnace. Once cooled down some ceramic can be obtained mainly composed of oxides of calcium, silicon, iron, and aluminum. These ceramics are widely available in USA, about 120 sites in 32 States and are sold at a very low average price of $5.37/ton. The US production of iron and steel slag was estimated at 19.7 million tons in 2003 which guarantees a huge availability of material. In this paper, electric arc furnace (EAF) slags from steelmaking industry, also called “black slags”, were characterized in the range of temperatures of concentrated solar power. The raw material is thermo-chemically stable up to 1100 °C and presents a low cost per unit thermal energy stored ($0.21/kWht for ΔT = 100 °C) and a suitable heat capacity per unit volume of material (63 kWht/m3for ΔT = 100°C). These properties should enable the development of new TES systems that could achieve the TES targets of the SunShot (temperature above 600 °C, installed cost below $15/kWht, and heat capacity ≥25 kWht/m3). The detailed experimental results are presented in the paper. After its characterization, the material has been shaped in form of plates and thermally cycled in a TES system using hot-air as heat transfer fluid. Several cycles of charge and discharged were performed successfully and the concept was validated at laboratory scale. Apart from availability, low-cost, and promising thermal properties, the use of slag promotes the conservation of natural resources and is a noble solution to decrease the cost and to develop sustainable TES systems.

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