scholarly journals Individual Differences in Infants’ Temperament Affect Face Processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 474
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Rennels ◽  
Andrea J. Kayl ◽  
Kirsty M. Kulhanek
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Gender

Infants show an advantage in processing female and familiar race faces, but the effect sizes are often small, suggesting individual differences in their discrimination abilities. This research assessed whether differences in 6–10-month-olds’ temperament (surgency and orienting) predicted how they scanned individual faces varying in race and gender during familiarization and whether and how long it took them to locate the face during a visual search task. This study also examined whether infants viewing faces posing pleasant relative to neutral expressions would facilitate their discrimination of male and unfamiliar race faces. Results showed that infants’ surgency on its own or in conjunction with their orienting regularly interacted with facial characteristics to predict their scanning and location of faces. Furthermore, infants’ scanning patterns (dwell times and internal–external fixation shifts) correlated with their ability and time to locate a familiarized face. Moreover, infants who viewed faces with pleasant expressions showed better discrimination of unfamiliar race and male faces compared with infants who viewed neutral faces. Including temperament in the analyses consistently demonstrated its significance for understanding infant face processing. Findings suggest that positive interactions with other-race individuals and men might reduce processing disadvantages for those face types. Locating familiar adults in a timely manner is a crucial skill for infants to develop and these data elucidate factors influencing this ability.

scholarly journals Facial Impressions are Predicted by the Structure of Group Stereotypes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Y Xie ◽  
Jessica Kay Flake ◽  
Ryan Mayer Stolier ◽  
Jonathan B. Freeman ◽  
Eric Hehman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Group Memberships

Facial impressions (e.g., trustworthy, assertive) have long been thought to be evoked by morphological variation (e.g., upturned mouth) in a universal, fixed manner. However, recent research suggests that these impressions vary considerably across different perceivers and targets’ social group memberships. We investigated whether stereotypes at the intersection of race and gender may be a critical factor underlying this variability in facial impressions. In Study 1, we found that not only did facial impressions vary by targets’ gender and race, but the structure of these impressions was predicted by the structure of stereotype knowledge. Study 2 extended these findings by demonstrating that individual differences in perceivers’ own unique stereotype associations predicted the structure of their own facial impressions. Together, the findings suggest that the structure of our impressions of others’ faces is driven not only by the morphological variation of the face, but also our own learned stereotypes about social groups.

scholarly journals The Influence of Race and Gender on Staff-Resident Interactions in Nursing Homes

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 185-185
Author(s):  
Rachel McPherson ◽  
Barbara Resnick ◽  
Elizabeth Galik
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Communication and interactions are an integral part of care in long-term care settings. Resident variables, such as race and gender, shape communication and interaction between staff and residents. The Quality of Interactions Schedule (QuIS) was developed to measure the quality of verbal and nonverbal interactions among nursing staff and older adults initially for those in acute care and later used as well in a variety of long term care settings. A quantified measurement of the quality of interactions between residents and staff was created to quantify the QuIS. The purpose of this study was to describe the gender and racial differences in scored quality of interactions. Data for the present study was based on baseline data from the Evidence Integration Triangle for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (EIT-4-BPSD) implementation study. A total of 535 residents from 55 settings were included in the analyses. An analysis of covariance was conducted to determine a difference in QuIS scores between males and females while controlling for age. The second model tested for differences in QuIS scores between blacks and whites while controlling for age and gender. There was not a statistically significant difference in QuIS scores between male and female residents. There was a significant difference in QuIS scores between those who were black versus white, such that those who were black received more positive interactions from staff than those who were white. Future work should focus on a deeper examination of resident factors and staff factors that may influence these interactions.

Representing Aboriginal Masculinity in Howard’s Australia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shino Konishi
Keyword(s):  
Military Intervention ◽  
Indigenous Rights ◽  
Aboriginal Communities ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Public Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Colonial Culture ◽  
Fourth Term ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Gender

This chapter examines the way in which the Howard government and its supporters revitalized colonial tropes about Aboriginal masculinity in order to progressively dismantle and undermine indigenous rights and sovereignty, culminating in the quasi-military intervention into supposedly dysfunctional Aboriginal communities towards the end of Howard's fourth term. It critiques and historicizes a range of demeaning representations that assume Aboriginal men are violent and misogynistic. These representations can be traced back to initial encounters between European and indigenous men. The aim is to bring academic, media, and governmental discourses about Aboriginal masculinity into conversation with masculinity studies, which means contextualizing notions of Aboriginal masculinity in ways that avoid unreflective colonial conceptions. Finally, the chapter examines the public response of Aboriginal men to this demonization, and how they negotiate their own masculine identities in the face of a colonial culture that disparages them for their race and gender.

scholarly journals Facial Impressions Are Predicted by the Structure of Group Stereotypes

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110242
Author(s):  
Sally Y. Xie ◽  
Jessica K. Flake ◽  
Ryan M. Stolier ◽  
Jonathan B. Freeman ◽  
Eric Hehman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Group Memberships

Impressions of other people’s faces (e.g., trustworthiness) have long been thought to be evoked by morphological variation (e.g., upturned mouth) in a universal, fixed manner. However, recent research suggests that these impressions vary considerably across perceivers and targets’ social-group memberships. Across 4,247 U.S. adults recruited online, we investigated whether racial and gender stereotypes may be a critical factor underlying this variability in facial impressions. In Study 1, we found that not only did facial impressions vary by targets’ gender and race, but also the structure of these impressions was associated with the structure of stereotype knowledge. Study 2 extended these findings by demonstrating that individual differences in perceivers’ own unique stereotype associations predicted the structure of their own facial impressions. Together, the findings suggest that the structure of people’s impressions of others’ faces is driven not only by the morphological variation of the face but also by learned stereotypes about social groups.

scholarly journals Face Processing in Infancy and Beyond: The Case of Social Categories

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Quinn ◽  
Kang Lee ◽  
Olivier Pascalis
Keyword(s):  
Face Processing ◽  
Social And Emotional Development ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Perceptual Development ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Category Formation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Differential Experience ◽  
Social Biases

Prior reviews of infant face processing have emphasized how infants respond to faces in general. This review highlights how infants come to respond differentially to social categories of faces based on differential experience, with a focus on race and gender. We examine six different behaviors: preference, recognition, scanning, category formation, association with emotion, and selective learning. Although some aspects of infant responding to face race and gender may be accounted for by traditional models of perceptual development, other aspects suggest the need for a broader model that links perceptual development with social and emotional development. We also consider how responding to face race and gender in infancy may presage responding to these categories beyond infancy and discuss how social biases favoring own-race and female faces are formed.

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