scholarly journals Leucine Improved Growth Performance, Muscle Growth, and Muscle Protein Deposition Through AKT/TOR and AKT/FOXO3a Signaling Pathways in Hybrid Catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli × Leiocassis longirostris

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Zhao ◽  
Jin-Yang Li ◽  
Qin Jiang ◽  
Xiao-Qiu Zhou ◽  
Lin Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Hybrid Catfish ◽  
Leiocassis Longirostris ◽  
Protein Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

(1) Background: l-leucine (Leu) plays a positive role in regulating protein turnover in skeletal muscle in mammal. However, the molecular mechanism for the effects of Leu on muscle growth and protein deposition is not clearly demonstrated in fish. This study investigated the effects of dietary Leu on growth performance and muscle growth, protein synthesis, and degradation-related signaling pathways of hybrid catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂). (2) Methods: A total of 630 hybrid catfish (23.19 ± 0.20 g) were fed 6 different experimental diets containing graded levels of Leu at 10.0 (control), 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, and 40.0 g Leu kg-1 for 8 weeks. (3) Results: Results showed that dietary Leu increased percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), FI (feed intake), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), muscle fibers diameter, and muscle fibers density; up-regulated insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), myogenic regulation factors (MyoD, Myf5, MyoG, and Mrf4), and MyHC mRNA levels; increased muscle protein synthesis via regulating the AKT/TOR signaling pathway; and attenuated protein degradation via regulating the AKT/FOXO3a signaling pathway. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that Leu has potential role to improve muscle growth and protein deposition in fish, which might be due to the regulation of IGF mRNA expression, muscle growth related gene, and protein synthesis and degradation-related signaling pathways. Based on the broken-line model, the Leu requirement of hybrid catfish (23.19-54.55 g) for PWG was estimated to be 28.10 g kg-1 of the diet (73.04 g kg-1 of dietary protein). These results will improve our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for muscle growth and protein deposition effects of Leu in fish.

scholarly journals Circadian regulation of muscle growth independent of locomotor activity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Kelu ◽  
Tapan G. Pipalia ◽  
Simon M. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Protein Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Proteasomal Inhibitor

AbstractMuscle tissue shows circadian variation, but whether and how the intracellular circadian clock per se regulates muscle growth remains unclear. By measuring muscle growth over 12 h periods, here we show that muscle grows more during the day than at night. Inhibition of muscle contraction reduces growth to a similar extent in day and night, but does not ablate the circadian variation in growth. Muscle protein synthesis is higher during the day compared to night, whereas markers of protein degradation are higher at night. Mechanistically, the TORC1 inhibitor rapamycin inhibits the extra daytime growth, but no effect on muscle growth at night was detected. Conversely, the proteasomal inhibitor MG132 increases muscle growth at night, but has no effect during the day, irrespective of activity. Ablation of contractile activity rapidly reduces muscle protein synthesis both during the day and at night and leads to a gradual increase in Murf gene expression without ablating circadian variation in growth. Removal of circadian input by exposure to either permanent light or permanent darkness reduces muscle growth. We conclude that circadian variation in muscle growth is independent of the presence of, or changes in, physical activity and affects both protein synthesis and degradation in distinct circadian phases.

scholarly journals Dietary isoleucine improved flesh quality, muscle antioxidant capacity, and muscle growth associated with AKT/TOR/S6K1 and AKT/FOXO3a signaling in hybrid bagrid catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli ♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Jiang ◽  
Ming-Yao Yan ◽  
Ye Zhao ◽  
Xiao-Qiu Zhou ◽  
Long Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Flesh Quality ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Leiocassis Longirostris ◽  
Pelteobagrus Vachelli

Abstract Background: Muscle is the complex and heterogeneous tissue, which comprises the primary edible part of the trunk of fish and mammals. Previous studies have shown that dietary isoleucine (Ile) exerts beneficial effects on growth in aquatic animals. However, there were limited studies regarding the benefits of Ile on fish muscle and their effects on flesh quality and muscle growth. Thus, this study was conducted to explore whether dietary Ile had affected flesh quality and muscle growth in hybrid bagrid catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂). Methods: A total of 630 hybrid fish, with an initial average body weight of 33.11 ± 0.09 g, were randomly allotted into seven experimental groups with three replicates each, and respectively fed seven diets with 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0 g Ile/kg diets for 8 weeks. Results: In the present study, we demonstrated that Ile significantly: (1) increased muscle protein and lipid contents and the frequency distribution of myofibers with ≤ 20 and ≥ 50 µm of diameter; (2) improved pH value, shear force, cathepsin B and L activities, hydroxyproline content, resilience, cohesiveness, and decreased cooking loss, lactate content, hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness; (3) decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl (PC) contents, GCLC and Keap1 mRNA levels, and up-regulated CuZnSOD, CAT, GPX1a, GST, and Nrf2 mRNA levels; (4) up-regulated the insulin-like growth factor 1, 2 (IGF-1, IGF-2), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Myf5, Myod, Myog, Mrf4, and MyHC mRNA levels, and decreased MSTN mRNA level; (5) increased muscle protein deposition by activating AKT-TOR-S6K1 and AKT-FOXO3a signaling pathways. Conclusion: These results revealed that dietary Ile improved flesh quality, which might be due to increasing nutritional content, physicochemical, texture parameters, and antioxidant ability; promoting muscle growth by affecting myocytes hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and muscle protein deposition associated with protein synthesis and degradation signaling pathways. Finally, the quadratic regression analysis of chewiness, ROS, and protein contents against dietary Ile levels suggested that the optimal dietary Ile levels for hybrid bagrid catfish was estimated to be 14.19, 12.36, and 12.78 g/kg diet, corresponding to 36.59, 31.87, and 32.96 g/kg dietary protein, respectively.

scholarly journals Dietary Isoleucine Improved Flesh Quality, Muscle Antioxidant Capacity, and Muscle Growth Associated with AKT/TOR/S6K1 and AKT/FOXO3a Signaling in Hybrid Bagrid Catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli ♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Jiang ◽  
Ming-Yao Yan ◽  
Ye Zhao ◽  
Xiao-Qiu Zhou ◽  
Long Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Flesh Quality ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Leiocassis Longirostris ◽  
Pelteobagrus Vachelli

Abstract Background: Muscle is the complex and heterogeneous tissue, which comprises the primary edible part of the trunk of fish and mammals. Previous study has shown that dietary isoleucine (Ile) exerts beneficial effects on animals’ growth. However, limited studies have evaluated the benefits of Ile on fish muscle and their effects on flesh quality and muscle growth. Thus, this study was conducted to explore whether dietary Ile had affected flesh quality and muscle growth in hybrid bagrid catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli × Leiocassis longirostris). Results: In the current study, we demonstrated that Ile significantly: (1) increased muscle protein and lipid contents and the frequency distribution of muscle fibers with ≤ 20 and ≥ 50 µm of diameter; (2) improved pH value, shear force, cathepsin B and L activities, hydroxyproline content, resilience, cohesiveness, and decreased cooking loss, lactate content, hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness; (3) decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl (PC) contents, GCLC and Keap1 mRNA levels, and up-regulated CuZnSOD, CAT, GST, and Nrf2 mRNA levels; (4) up-regulated the insulin-like growth factor 1, 2 (IGF-1, IGF-2), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Myf5, MyoD, MyoG, MRF4, and MyHC mRNA levels, and decreased MSTN mRNA level; (5) increased muscle protein deposition by activating AKT-TOR-S6K1 and AKT-FOXO3a signaling pathways. Conclusion: These results revealed that Ile improved flesh quality, which might be due to increasing nutritional content, physicochemical, texture parameters, and antioxidant ability; promoting muscle growth by affecting myocytes hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and muscle protein deposition associated with protein synthesis and degradation signaling pathways. Finally, the quadratic regression analysis of chewiness, ROS, and protein contents against dietary Ile levels suggested that the optimal dietary Ile levels for hybrid bagrid catfish was estimated to be 14.19, 12.36, and 12.78 g Ile kg-1 diet, corresponding to 36.59, 31.87, and 32.96 g kg-1 dietary protein, respectively.

scholarly journals Dietary isoleucine improved flesh quality, muscle antioxidant capacity, and muscle growth associated with AKT/TOR/S6K1 and AKT/FOXO3a signaling in hybrid bagrid catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Jiang ◽  
Mingyao Yan ◽  
Ye Zhao ◽  
Xiaoqiu Zhou ◽  
Long Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Flesh Quality ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Leiocassis Longirostris ◽  
Pelteobagrus Vachelli

Abstract Background Muscle is the complex and heterogeneous tissue, which comprises the primary edible part of the trunk of fish and mammals. Previous studies have shown that dietary isoleucine (Ile) exerts beneficial effects on growth in aquatic animals. However, there were limited studies regarding the benefits of Ile on fish muscle and their effects on flesh quality and muscle growth. Thus, this study was conducted to explore whether dietary Ile had affected flesh quality and muscle growth in hybrid bagrid catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂). Methods A total of 630 hybrid fish, with an initial average body weight of 33.11 ± 0.09 g, were randomly allotted into seven experimental groups with three replicates each, and respectively fed seven diets with 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0 g Ile/kg diets for 8 weeks. Results In the present study, we demonstrated that Ile significantly: (1) increased muscle protein and lipid contents and the frequency distribution of myofibers with ≤ 20 μm and ≥ 50 μm of diameter; (2) improved pH value, shear force, cathepsin B and L activities, hydroxyproline content, resilience, cohesiveness, and decreased cooking loss, lactate content, hardness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness; (3) decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl (PC) contents, GCLC and Keap1 mRNA levels, and up-regulated CuZnSOD, CAT, GPX1a, GST, and Nrf2 mRNA levels; (4) up-regulated the insulin-like growth factor 1, 2 (IGF-1, IGF-2), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Myf5, Myod, Myog, Mrf4, and MyHC mRNA levels, and decreased MSTN mRNA level; (5) increased muscle protein deposition by activating AKT-TOR-S6K1 and AKT-FOXO3a signaling pathways. Conclusion These results revealed that dietary Ile improved flesh quality, which might be due to increasing nutritional content, physicochemical, texture parameters, and antioxidant ability; promoting muscle growth by affecting myocytes hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and muscle protein deposition associated with protein synthesis and degradation signaling pathways. Finally, the quadratic regression analysis of chewiness, ROS, and protein contents against dietary Ile levels suggested that the optimal dietary Ile levels for hybrid bagrid catfish was estimated to be 14.19, 12.36, and 12.78 g/kg diet, corresponding to 36.59, 31.87, and 32.96 g/kg dietary protein, respectively.

Effects of dietary tryptophan on muscle growth, protein synthesis, and antioxidant capacity in hybrid catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Qin Jiang ◽  
Ye Zhao ◽  
Xiao-Qiu Zhou ◽  
Xiao-Yun Wu ◽  
Shang-Xiao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hybrid Catfish ◽  
Leiocassis Longirostris ◽  
Pelteobagrus Vachelli

Abstract The present study evaluated effects of dietary supplementation with tryptophan (Trp) on muscle growth, protein synthesis, and antioxidant capacity in hybrid catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂. Fish were fed six different diets containing 2.6 (control), 3.1, 3.7, 4.2, 4.7, and 5.6 g Trp kg−1 diet for 56 days, respectively. Results showed that dietary Trp significantly (1) improved muscle protein content, fiber density, and frequency of fiber diameter; (2) up-regulated the mRNA levels of PCNA, myf5, MyoD1, MyoG, MRF4, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-IR, PIK3Ca, TOR, 4EBP1, and S6K1; (3) increased phosphorylation levels of AKT, TOR, and S6K1; (4) decreased contents of MDA and PC, and increased activities of CAT, GST, GR, ASA, and AHR; (5) up-regulated mRNA levels of CuZnSOD, CAT, GST, GPx, GCLC, and Nrf2, and decreased Keap1 mRNA level; (6) increased nuclear Nrf2 protein level and the intranuclear antioxidant response element binding ability, and reduced Keap1 protein level. These results indicated that dietary Trp improved muscle growth, protein synthesis as well as antioxidant capacity, which might be partly related to myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), IGFs/PIK3Ca/AKT/TOR, and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathways. Finally, based on the quadratic regression analysis of muscle protein and MDA contents, the optimal Trp requirements of hybrid catfish (21.82-39.64 g) were estimated to be 3.94 and 3.93 g Trp kg−1 diet (9.57 and 9.54 g kg−1 of dietary protein), respectively.

scholarly journals Comparison of protein synthesis and degradation in incubated and perfused muscle

1983 ◽  
Vol 212 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
A S Clark ◽  
W E Mitch
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Protein Degradation ◽  
Protein Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

Rates of muscle protein synthesis and degradation measured in the perfused hindquarter were compared with those in incubated epitrochlearis muscles. With fed or starved mature rats, results without insulin treatment were identical. With insulin treatment, protein synthesis in perfused hindquarters was greater, though protein degradation was the same. Thus rates of muscle protein degradation estimated by these two methods in vitro correspond closely.

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