scholarly journals Monetary Valuation of Children’s Cognitive Outcomes in Economic Evaluations from a Societal Perspective: A Review

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Scott D. Grosse ◽  
Ying Zhou
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Family Background ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Monetary Valuation ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Lifetime Earnings

Cognitive ability in childhood is positively associated with economic productivity in adulthood. Expected gains in economic output from interventions that protect cognitive function can be incorporated in benefit–cost and cost-effectiveness analyses conducted from a societal perspective. This review summarizes estimates from high-income countries of the association of general cognitive ability, standardized as intelligence quotient (IQ), with annual and lifetime earnings among adults. Estimates of the association of adult earnings with cognitive ability assessed in childhood or adolescence vary from 0.5% to 2.5% per IQ point. That range reflects differences in data sources and analytic methods. We take a conservative published estimate of a 1.4% difference in market productivity per IQ point in the United States from a recent study that controlled for confounding by family background and behavioral attributes. Using that estimate and the present value of lifetime earnings calculated using a 3% discount rate, the implied lifetime monetary valuation of an IQ point in the United States is USD 10,600–13,100. Despite uncertainty and the exclusion of non-market productivity, incorporation of such estimates could lead to a fuller assessment of the benefits of public health and clinical interventions that protect the developing brains of fetuses, infants, and young children.

Constraints in the Demand for Education: What Can we Learn from Subjective Assessments?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga V. Sorokina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Credit Constraints ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Demand For Education ◽  
Subjective Assessments

Abstract While the large disparities in educational attainment by socioeconomic status in the United States point towards the importance of credit constraints, there is no consensus in the economic literature regarding their pervasiveness. To evaluate how subjective information can enhance our understanding of the role of credit constraints in education, I focus on NLSY79 respondents' assessments of financial obstacles to schooling. About 12 percent of young adults in the data expect to underinvest in education because of financial reasons or the need to work. Using this information in a regression model of educational attainment shows that it provides valuable behavioral insights, above and beyond standard measures of income and family background.

Lifetime Earnings in the United States over Six Decades

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatih Guvenen ◽  
Greg Kaplan ◽  
Jae Song ◽  
Justin Weidner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lifetime Earnings

A Delicate Subject: Clemencia López, Civilized Womanhood, and the Politics of Anti-Imperialism

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura R. Prieto
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Gender Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
American Gender

In 1902, Clemencia López journeyed to the United States to work for the liberation of her imprisoned brothers and for Filipino independence. She granted interviews, circulated her photograph, and spoke in public under the sponsorship of American anti-imperialists and suffragists. López argued that Filipinos like herself were already a civilized people and thus did not need Americans' “benevolent assimilation.” Her gender and her elite family background helped her make this case. Instead of presenting her as racially inferior, published accounts expressed appreciation of her feminine refinement and perceptions of her beauty as exotic. Americans simultaneously perceived her as apolitical because of her sex. López was thus able to take advantage of American gender politics to discuss the “delicate subject” of autonomy for the Philippines in ways that anti-imperialist Filipino men could not.

scholarly journals Field of Study in College and Lifetime Earnings in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
ChangHwan Kim ◽  
Christopher R. Tamborini ◽  
Arthur Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Lifetime Earnings

The Advanced Study Program of the Brookings Institution

1981 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 268-272
Author(s):  
James D. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Brookings Institution ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Limits To Growth ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Advanced Study ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Constitutional System

The Advanced Study Program of the Brookings Institution may be the largest continuing seminar on public policy in the United States, if not the world.Is the American Constitutional system adequate to the needs of contemporary society?Is the American system of government dominated by “special interests”?Do “limits to growth” threaten to bring about increasing conflict among income groups in the United States?Is the decline in economic productivity a threat to the international security of the United States?What are the strengths and weaknesses of supply side economics?What are the implications of the growth of the service economy for the various regions of the United States?What are the relationships and tradeoffs among energy policy, inflation, environmental objectives, and regulatory policy?What are the ethical implications of major public policies?Each year, these and similar questions are explored in the approximately 100 seminars, conferences, and other educational programs conducted by the Advanced Study Program.

Costs of prescription opioid analgesic abuse in the United States in 2001: a societal perspective

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 616-617
Author(s):  
H.G. Birnbaum ◽  
J. Reynolds ◽  
G. Jetley ◽  
M. Zhang ◽  
S. Vallow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Opioid Analgesic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prescription Opioid

scholarly journals Economic Production and Biodiversity in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanning Liang ◽  
Ivan Rudik ◽  
Eric Yongchen Zou
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Local Ecosystem ◽  
The Relationship

Species extinctions and ecological degradation are accelerating to a degree unprecedented in human history. Despite such trends, causal evidence for economic drivers of biodiversity loss and effective policy responses remains sparse. Here we study the relationship between economic production and biodiversity using a novel panel dataset that contains detailed and consistently reported information on the types and quantities of wildlife at thousands of locations across the United States between 1960 and 2015. Our research design exploits well- understood sources of change to local economic output – including those induced by fiscal shocks and environmental regulations – to identify how local economic production affects biodiversity outcomes. We find that economic production re- duces the total abundance of wildlife, reduces the count of distinct species, and changes the composition of species in a local ecosystem even holding the number of species constant. Our findings point toward environmental degradation as a potential culprit in the decline of biodiversity. We show that the adverse effect of economic production is mitigated by conservation, and by advances in emission abatement technologies that were spurred by stricter pollution regulations.

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