A Review of economic analysis of climate change impacts and adaptation in fisheries and aquaculture

Focusing on economic methods, this study provides a comprehensive review of the current research in fisheries and aquaculture within the context of climate change. We find there has been remarkable progress in evaluating the biophysical impacts of climate change on fish. However, the effect those impacts have on future fish stocks, yields, and dynamics are less understood. Climate change adaptation strategies in fisheries and aquaculture lack quantitative assessment, while current vulnerability indices rely heavily on subjective weighting schemes. Economic studies involving fisheries and aquaculture have seen some recent advancements but can be improved through incorporating methods from other disciplines, notably agricultural economics. Relative to its increasingly large role in global fish supply, the aquaculture sector is found to be under-represented in the economic literature. We suggest that future research in fisheries and aquaculture should further incorporate methods from agricultural economics, focus on the economics of aquaculture, and refine interdisciplinary research methods such as bioeconomic modelling.

How much does TB screening cost? A systematic review of economic evaluations

BACKGROUND: Systematic screening for TB has been recommended as a method to control TB on a global level; however, this involves significant costs that place a burden on the health system.METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the existing economic literature on systematic screening for TB to summarise costs, cost-effectiveness and affordability, and the key factors that influence costs and cost-effectiveness. Specific populations of interest included the general population, children and close contacts of TB patients.RESULTS: We identified 21 studies that provided both cost and outcome data on TB screening among the populations of interest. All were from low- and middle-income settings. Studies were heterogenous in the intervention, and included costs and reported outcomes. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) estimates ranged from USD281 to USD698 per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted among the general population, USD619/DALY averted among children and USD372–3,718/DALY averted among close contacts.CONCLUSION: Prevalence of TB among targeted high-risk groups was identified across the majority of studies as a driver of cost-effectiveness. The heterogeneity of the included costs and outcomes across the economic literature for systematic screening suggests a need for standardisation of included cost components and key economic evaluation methods to improve comparability and generalisability of results.

Digitization of conferences between development requirements and the specter of failure (Analytical study in light of the COVID-19 crisis): رقمنة المؤتمرات بين متطلبات الأزمة وشبح الإخفاق (دراسة تحليلية في ظل أزمة كورونا COVID-19)

In light of the Covid 19 crisis, the telecommunications sector is no longer limited to traditional communication and searching for information, but rather the trend to communicate via the Internet, and this trend has gained great strength and spread and as a result, we see today digital conferences where individuals participate for predetermined hours, to cover a broad topic, such as blogging or education. Or medicine or technology. The process of digital transformation in conferences is very sensitive in light of the Covid 19 crisis, while most of the economic literature in this field has focused on the success factors of digital conferences as an alternative to direct meetings under conditions of divergence and quarantine, the factors of failure and failure are left aside, This is what prompted us to prepare this paper, through which we aim to shed light on the digital transformation of conferences and the specter of failure threatening them in light of the Covid 19 crisis, referring to the state of conferences for some countries and companies in a study of the impact of this on achieving success for their digital conferences.

L’economia del Profeta: la finanza islamica e i fondamenti religiosi del diritto islamico dei contratti Shari’ah Compliant

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: l’Islam tra religione ed economia - 2. Dalla finanza al contratto islamico, tra vincolo e libertà: alla ricerca di una teoria generale dei contratti - 3. L’etica islamica dei contratti: divieto di ribà e divieto di ghàrar - 4. Operatività delle attività della banca islamica e contrattualistica commerciale Shari’ah Compliant - 5. I contratti di tipo partecipativo: “mudàraba” e “mushàraka” - 6. (segue) Tipologie di mudàraba - 7. Cenni conclusivi e prospettive future. The Prophet's Economy: Islamic Finance and the Religious Foundations of Islamic Law of Shari'ah Compliant Contracts ABSTRACT: The growing presence of Muslim believers in Europe has increasingly led to heated debates also at the doctrinal level. Legal and economic literature, particularly, has recently emphasised the importance that inclusive, effective and efficient financial regulation can have on the degree of integration of the Islamic communities present in non-Muslim contexts. Since the Shari'ah dictates a series of behavioural rules in different sectors of the believer’s life, the Koran and the narratives of the Prophet (hadith) offer a series of prescriptions also in economic matters. With the aim of outlining the religious and juridical reasoning of the so-called halal economic dimension, this paper first examines the economic principles of Islamic finance: the prohibition of ribà (interest), the prohibition of ghàrar (uncertainty) and that of maysìr (speculation). It then provides a recognition aimed at finding a general theory of Islamic contracts. Finally, it reconstructs the discipline of the mudàraba and musharàka participatory contracts. These two forms of contracts represent a product of Islamic finance widely used in banking-financial practice and considered by Islamic legal schools to be totally in conformity with the Word of Allah. They are therefore instruments of comparison particularly interesting as well as useful for the Italian legal system. They can represent a flywheel for the integration of Muslims in the social fabric, and at the same time, an antidote to the unstable European economic panorama.

Don’t Let the COVID-19 Crisis Go to Waste: Breaking Through the Status Quo & Flattening the Opioid Epidemic Curve

The objective of the paper is to understand the impact of the COVID-19 focusing event that resulted in a distinctive response by the Federal government. The paper focuses on the rapid deregulation that occurred in the opioid use disorder treatments. We frame the narrative using primarily the economic literature on deregulation during a crisis. The temporary deregulation has significantly increased access to treatment and medications and allows for the discovering of a different equilibrium. We also suggest other deregulations that need to be considered. In this paper, we suggest that the provisional deregulations should be made permanent to improve the outcome of the patients who abuse opioids.

Diversifiable and Non-diversifiable Risk and the Advanced Choice under Ambiguous or Uncertain Conditions

The objective of this paper is to revisit the concepts of diversifiable and non-diversifiable risk, expound the portfolio risk in two ways: mathematically first, and with practical examples, second It also explains lending and borrowing at the risk-free rate of return, in addition to juxtaposing the diversification method to measure the unsystematic risk against utilizing Beta to measure the systematic risk. Furthermore, it briefly examines the mathematical simulation and sensitivity analysis, and mathematically delineates the technique for choices under risk, ambiguity, and uncertainty. The practical implication of this conceptual paper is to offer a further clarification of theoretical terms, especially those which might be interchangeable in financial and economic literature, and further show, by examples, the terms’ applicability.

Diversifiable and Non-diversifiable Risk and the Advanced Choice under Ambiguous or Uncertain Conditions

The objective of this paper is to revisit the concepts of diversifiable and non-diversifiable risk, expound the portfolio risk in two ways: mathematically first, and with practical examples, second It also explains lending and borrowing at the risk-free rate of return, in addition to juxtaposing the diversification method to measure the unsystematic risk against utilizing Beta to measure the systematic risk. Furthermore, it briefly examines the mathematical simulation and sensitivity analysis, and mathematically delineates the technique for choices under risk, ambiguity, and uncertainty. The practical implication of this conceptual paper is to offer a further clarification of theoretical terms, especially those which might be interchangeable in financial and economic literature, and further show, by examples, the terms’ applicability.

Long-term contracts and the Unidroit PICC: towards a realistic regulation

The 2016 Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) were the first instrument that explicitly regulated long-term contracts in international commerce. Its main goal was to actualize uniform contract law for the emerging needs of international commerce. Despite this effort, scholars have briefly researched how uniform contract law instruments address international commerce as an economic reality or whether the PICC’s attempt is adequate. The gap in uniform contract law’s—particularly the PICC’s—literature on long-term contracts is odd compared to the completeness of economic literature on the matter. After revealing the pitfalls of the PICC’s regulation, demonstrating the convenience of a thorough review of the economics of long-term contracts, this article elaborates on the necessary character of the connection between uniform contract law and economics. It further reviews the economic research on the factors that prompt long-term contracting and the mechanisms that economic agents designed to address their needs. The overhaul reveals that two paradigmatic economic structures—competitive and cooperative—generally determine the design of long-term contracts. Finally, the article addresses the consequences of including the paradigmatic economic structures of long-term contracts in the PICC rules on contract interpretation and gap-filling.