The Law of Entropy Increase and the Meissner Effect

The law of entropy increase postulates the existence of irreversible processes in physics: the total entropy of an isolated system can increase, but cannot decrease. The annihilation of an electric current in normal metal with the generation of Joule heat because of a non-zero resistance is a well-known example of an irreversible process. The persistent current, an undamped electric current observed in a superconductor, annihilates after the transition into the normal state. Therefore, this transition was considered as an irreversible thermodynamic process before 1933. However, if this transition is irreversible, then the Meissner effect discovered in 1933 is experimental evidence of a process reverse to the irreversible process. Belief in the law of entropy increase forced physicists to change their understanding of the superconducting transition, which is considered a phase transition after 1933. This change has resulted to the internal inconsistency of the conventional theory of superconductivity, which is created within the framework of reversible thermodynamics, but predicts Joule heating. The persistent current annihilates after the transition into the normal state with the generation of Joule heat and reappears during the return to the superconducting state according to this theory and contrary to the law of entropy increase. The success of the conventional theory of superconductivity forces us to consider the validity of belief in the law of entropy increase.

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Entropy generation and momentum transfer in the superconductor–normal and normal–superconductor phase transformations and the consistency of the conventional theory of superconductivity

International Journal of Modern Physics B ◽

10.1142/s0217979218501588 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (13) ◽

pp. 1850158 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. E. Hirsch

Keyword(s):

Momentum Transfer ◽

Entropy Generation ◽

Meissner Effect ◽

The Body ◽

Alternative Theory ◽

Conventional Theory ◽

Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽

Zero Entropy ◽

First Order Phase ◽

Theory Of Superconductivity

Since the discovery of the Meissner effect, the superconductor to normal (S–N) phase transition in the presence of a magnetic field is understood to be a first-order phase transformation that is reversible under ideal conditions and obeys the laws of thermodynamics. The reverse (N–S) transition is the Meissner effect. This implies in particular that the kinetic energy of the supercurrent is not dissipated as Joule heat in the process where the superconductor becomes normal and the supercurrent stops. In this paper, we analyze the entropy generation and the momentum transfer between the supercurrent and the body in the S–N transition and the N–S transition as described by the conventional theory of superconductivity. We find that it is not possible to explain the transition in a way that is consistent with the laws of thermodynamics unless the momentum transfer between the supercurrent and the body occurs with zero entropy generation, for which the conventional theory of superconductivity provides no mechanism. Instead, we point out that the alternative theory of hole superconductivity does not encounter such difficulties.

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Simulation of the Electric Current Flow in Amorphous-Crystalline Ti2NiCu Alloy with Shape Memory Effect

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.845.146 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 845 ◽

pp. 146-149

Author(s):

Dmitriy S. Kuchin ◽

Victor V. Koledov ◽

Pavel V. Bogun ◽

Peter V. Lega ◽

Vedamanickam Sampath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electric Current ◽

Current Flow ◽

Amorphous Matrix ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Current Density Distribution ◽

Heat Evolution ◽

Equatorial Region ◽

Joule Heat ◽

Electric Pulses ◽

Electric Current Flow

A new technique for the production of nanograined alloys from rapidly quenched amorphous ribbons by serial electric pulses has been proposed recently [1]. The present work involves a theoretical study of electric current flow in a nonhomogeneous Ti2NiCu alloy consisting of an amorphous matrix with a crystalline phase of spherical morphology embedded in it. The electric current density distribution was calculated in the vicinity of a spherical nucleus, which has an electrical resistance that is only 0.4 times that of the amorphous matrix. The calculation of Joule heat density was done in the nucleus and in the amorphous volume surrounding it. It was shown that during the current pulse the Joule heat evolution in nucleus exceeds one in equatorial region in matrix, but less than near the poles. The dependence of relative resistivity of nonhomogeneous amorphous-crystalline alloy on volume fraction of spherical crystalline nuclei was calculated

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Gravity Syndrome

Medical & Clinical Research ◽

10.33140/mcr.04.12.03 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (12) ◽

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Normal State ◽

Cardiac Rhythm ◽

The Law

"The agent Na + acts constantly on the circulatory rotation of the neurons, which accentuates the operational deficiency of the cellular rhythm in normal state, the agent Ca acts on the bone system and indirectly on the cardiac rhythm. This relativity provokes the law of body weight with respect to atmospheric deficiency."

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None zero circulation of electrostatic field around a partly electrostatic shielded loop

10.21203/rs.3.rs-850222/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yannan Yang

Keyword(s):

Electric Field ◽

Energy Conservation ◽

Electric Current ◽

Electrostatic Field ◽

Closed Loop ◽

Loop Current ◽

Line Integral ◽

The Law ◽

A Current

Abstract In this article, a loop that is partly electrostatic shielded is analyzed. It is found that the line integral of electrostatic field around this loop is not zero. This is against the theorem that the line integral of electrostatic field around any closed loop is zero and the curl of electrostatic field is zero. When the loop is made of conductor wire, there is no electric current flowing around the loop although the line integral of electric field is not zero. A loop current driven by electrostatic field will break the law of energy conservation, so it is expected and reasonable that we cannot observe a current in the loop.

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Electro-slag heating of parts surfaces by welding of protective coatings by the method of immersion

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201929800145 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 298 ◽

pp. 00145

Author(s):

Vladimir Fedyaev ◽

Petr Osipov ◽

Alexey Belyaev ◽

Liliya Sirotkina

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Electric Current ◽

Solid Body ◽

Finite Differences ◽

Protective Coatings ◽

Joule Heat ◽

Heat Released ◽

Practical Recommendations

One of the effective methods of surfacing protective coatings on large areas, as well as the formation of permanent joints is the method of immersion (dipping) of parts into the melt. In order to increase the productivity of this method, the quality of surfacing is proposed to heat the work surfaces of the parts with an electroslag method. The rational regimes for its realization are determined by calculation. A mathematical model is proposed for heating the contacting layers of a solid body, slag and melt, taking into account the Joule heat released during the passage of an electric current. The corresponding problem is solved numerically with the help of the method of finite differences. The results are discussed, practical recommendations are presented.

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Comment on the law of entropy increase in thermodynamics

European Journal of Physics ◽

10.1088/0143-0807/34/1/83 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 83-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Pier A Mello ◽

Rosalío F Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

Entropy Increase ◽

The Law

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Distribution of magnetic field around simply and multiply connected supraconductors

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.1936.0184 ◽

1936 ◽

Vol 157 (890) ◽

pp. 132-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

External Magnetic Field ◽

Magnetic Flux ◽

Meissner Effect ◽

The Body ◽

Persistent Current ◽

Closed Circuit ◽

Multiply Connected ◽

Constant Flux ◽

Connected Body

The experiments to be described in this paper arose from a suggestion by M. von Laue that it would be of interest to examine more closely the behaviour of simply and multiply connected supraconducting bodies in an external magnetic field. If a closed circuit be taken wholly within a supraconducting body, sufficiently far from the surface, the magnetic flux through the circuit should be constant as long as no part of the body is subjected to a magnetic field greater than the critical field strength. For a simply connected body, if the spontaneous ejection of flux on cooling through the transition point, the so-called Meissner effect, is complete, the constant flux through any circuit should be zero. For a multiply connected body, it should be equal to the value immediately after the body became supraconducting. Only in the case of a multiply connected body, that is, a closed circuit, can there be a resultant current through any cross-section in the steady state. This may be taken as a definition of the current I in the circuit, the so-called persistent current. Let L be the self-inductance of the circuit, calculated for the supraconducting state on the assumption that the current flows entirely in a layer very close to the surface. Let ϕ be the calculated magnetic flux through the circuit due to external magnetic field, allowing for the distortion of the field by the presence of supraconducting material. Then, if it can be assumed that the maintenance of the constant flux through the closed circuit is due to a persistent current in the above sense, the law of constant flux can be written in the form LI + ϕ = ϕ 0 . (1)

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