scholarly journals Analyzing Demand Response in a Dynamic Capacity Expansion Model for the European Power Market

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Marañón-Ledesma ◽  
Asgeir Tomasgard
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Sector Model ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
And Storage

One of the challenges in the transition towards a zero-emission power system in Europe will be to achieve an efficient and reliable operation with a high share of intermittent generation. The objective of this paper is to analyse the role that Demand Response (DR) potentially can play in a cost-efficient development until 2050. The benefits of DR consist of integrating renewable source generation and reducing peak load consumption, leading to a reduction in generation, transmission, and storage capacity investments. The capabilities of DR are implemented in the European Model for Power Investments with high shares of Renewable Energy (EMPIRE), which is an electricity sector model for long-term capacity and transmission expansion. The model uses a multi-horizon stochastic approach including operational uncertainty with hourly resolution and multiple investment periods in the long-term. DR is modelled through several classes of shiftable and curtailable loads in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, including flexibility periods, operational costs, losses, and endogenous DR investments, for 31 European countries. Results of the case study shows that DR capacity partially substitutes flexible supply-side capacity from peak gas plants and battery storage, through enabling more solar PV generation. A European DR capacity at 91 GW in 2050 reduces the peak plant capacities by 11% and storage capacity by 86%.

scholarly journals Virtual storage capacity using demand response management to overcome intermittency of solar PV generation

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 1741-1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandha Kumar Kandasamy ◽  
King Jet Tseng ◽  
Soong Boon‐Hee
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Virtual Storage ◽  
Pv Generation

Delivering Renewable Integration Services Through University Microgrid Operations: A University of California, San Diego Microgrid Case Study

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Sreedharan ◽  
Jamil Farbes ◽  
Eric Cutter
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Renewable Integration ◽  
High Penetration

Integrating high penetration variable renewables in economically and operationally plausible ways is a current clean energy challenge facing many countries and regions, including California. Renewable energy deployment is a relevant pathway to decarbonize the electricity sector and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) and mitigate the harmful effects of climate change. This paper highlights the key findings from a recently completed study, funded by the California Solar Initiative, to develop and investigate strategies to integrate high penetration renewable energy and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems using distributed energy resources (DER). We develop hypothetical operating strategies that utilize the DER present in campus microgrids, such as combined heat and power (CHP) systems and thermal energy storage, and evaluate these based on economic criteria. Our host site is the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) microgrid, which has a rich DER base that includes a 2.8 MW fuel cell powered by directed biogas, 30 MW of onsite generation, steam and electric chillers, thermal storage and roughly 1.5 MW of onsite solar PV. We develop and evaluate three types of strategies for integrating renewable generation: peak load shifting, on-site PV firming, and grid support. We analyze these strategies with an hourly dispatch optimization model and one year of data. We define a successful renewable integration strategy as one that is operationally plausible and economically viable. We find all three classes of strategies are technically feasible and can be cost-effective under certain conditions. However, we find that the value proposition to customers such as the UCSD campus, under current tariff structures and market prices, will need to be higher to motivate such customers to offer these services, given the risks associated with changing microgrid operations from regular practice. Our findings suggest alternative incentive mechanisms and engagement strategies beyond those pathways currently available are needed to leverage the potential of DER at campuses for renewables integration purposes. Such efforts are relevant not only to campus resources but to similar commercial and industrial loads across California, including the vast combined heat and power resources.

Familiarity Speeds Up Visual Short-term Memory Consolidation: Electrophysiological Evidence from Contralateral Delay Activities

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weizhen Xie ◽  
Weiwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Stimulus Familiarity ◽  
And Storage

To test how preexisting long-term memory influences visual STM, this study takes advantage of individual differences in participants' prior familiarity with Pokémon characters and uses an ERP component, the contralateral delay activity (CDA), to assess whether observers' prior stimulus familiarity affects STM consolidation and storage capacity. In two change detection experiments, consolidation speed, as indexed by CDA fractional area latency and/or early-window (500–800 msec) amplitude, was significantly associated with individual differences in Pokémon familiarity. In contrast, the number of remembered Pokémon stimuli, as indexed by Cowan's K and late-window (1500–2000 msec) CDA amplitude, was significantly associated with individual differences in Pokémon familiarity when STM consolidation was incomplete because of a short presentation of Pokémon stimuli (500 msec, Experiment 2), but not when STM consolidation was allowed to complete given sufficient encoding time (1000 msec, Experiment 1). Similar findings were obtained in between-group analyses when participants were separated into high-familiarity and low-familiarity groups based on their Pokémon familiarity ratings. Together, these results suggest that stimulus familiarity, as a proxy for the strength of preexisting long-term memory, primarily speeds up STM consolidation, which may subsequently lead to an increase in the number of remembered stimuli if consolidation is incomplete. These findings thus highlight the importance of research assessing how effects on representations (e.g., STM capacity) are in general related to (or even caused by) effects on processes (e.g., STM consolidation) in cognition.

Improvement Of Curvilinear Diagrams Of Concrete Deformation

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-104
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Deformation Model ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Deformation Diagrams

Problems when calculating reinforced concrete structures based on the concrete deformation under compression diagram, which is presented both in Russian and foreign regulatory documents on the design of concrete and reinforced concrete structures are considered. The correctness of their compliance for all classes of concrete remains very approximate, especially a significant difference occurs when using Euronorm due to the different shape and sizes of the samples. At present, there are no methodical recommendations for determining the ultimate relative deformations of concrete under axial compression and the construction of curvilinear deformation diagrams, which leads to limited experimental data and, as a result, does not make it possible to enter more detailed ultimate strain values into domestic standards. The results of experimental studies to determine the ultimate relative deformations of concrete under compression for different classes of concrete, which allowed to make analytical dependences for the evaluation of the ultimate relative deformations and description of curvilinear deformation diagrams, are presented. The article discusses various options for using the deformation model to assess the stress-strain state of the structure, it is concluded that it is necessary to use not only the finite values of the ultimate deformations, but also their intermediate values. This requires reliable diagrams "s–e” for all classes of concrete. The difficulties of measuring deformations in concrete subjected to peak load, corresponding to the prismatic strength, as well as main cracks that appeared under conditions of long-term step loading are highlighted. Variants of more accurate measurements are proposed. Development and implementation of the new standard GOST "Concretes. Methods for determination of complete diagrams" on the basis of the developed method for obtaining complete diagrams of concrete deformation under compression for the evaluation of ultimate deformability of concrete under compression are necessary.

Effect of sleep on memory for binding different types of visual information

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J Shaw ◽  
Zhisen Urgolites ◽  
Padraic Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information

Visual long-term memory has a large and detailed storage capacity for individual scenes, objects, and actions. However, memory for combinations of actions and scenes is poorer, suggesting difficulty in binding this information together. Sleep can enhance declarative memory of information, but whether sleep can also boost memory for binding information and whether the effect is general across different types of information is not yet known. Experiments 1 to 3 tested effects of sleep on binding actions and scenes, and Experiments 4 and 5 tested binding of objects and scenes. Participants viewed composites and were tested 12-hours later after a delay consisting of sleep (9pm-9am) or wake (9am-9pm), on an alternative forced choice recognition task. For action-scene composites, memory was relatively poor with no significant effect of sleep. For object-scene composites sleep did improve memory. Sleep can promote binding in memory, depending on the type of information to be combined.

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