scholarly journals Part I: Relationship among Training Load Management, Salivary Immunoglobulin A, and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Team Sport: A Systematic Review

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 366
Author(s):  
Markel Rico-González ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Rafael Oliveira ◽  
Naia Bustamante-Hernández ◽  
José Pino-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the first line of defense against upper respiratory tract viruses, has been related with training load management. This article aimed to systematically identify and summarize (1) the studies that have found a relationship between training load and salivary IgA in team sports, and (2) the studies that have highlighted a relationship between IgA and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in team sports. A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using two electronic databases (PubMed and WoK) until 3 October 2020. From a total of 174 studies initially found, 24 were included in the qualitative synthesis. This systematic review confirmed that lower values of IgA occurred after greater training load (intensity/volume) and congested periods. In this scenario, a low level of IgA was correlated with higher URTI, which makes training load management mandatory to healthcare avoiding immunosuppression. Therefore, physical fitness and conditioning coaches should carefully manage training load progression, avoiding high-intensity sessions in two consecutive days. In addition, they should not program high-intensity training sessions during at least the two days following competition

scholarly journals Relationship between Training Load Management and Immunoglobulin A to Avoid Immunosuppression after Soccer Training and Competition: A Theoretical Framework Based on COVID-19 for Athletes’ Healthcare

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 856
Author(s):  
Markel Rico-González ◽  
José Pino-Ortega ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Naia Bustamante-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Qualitative Synthesis ◽  
Salivary Iga ◽  
Repeated Sprint

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the main effector against upper respiratory tract viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been related to training load management. The aim of this systematic review was to establish the relationship between training load and salivary IgA based on current evidence in order to avoid immunosuppression after exercise and players´ vulnerability to virus contagion. A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using two electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) until 19 May 2021. From a total of 127 studies initially found, 23 were included in the qualitative synthesis. These studies were clustered depending on stress level. The salivary IgA was analysed considering soccer-specific treadmill exercise and repeated sprint drills (n = 5), matches (n = 7), and during certain periods during the season or pre-season (n = 11). Repeated sprint ability tests and treadmill exercises are suitable exercises for the first steps on return to play periods yet still maintain social distance. A rest or moderate training sessions (technical/tactical) are suggested after official matches to ensure 16–18 h to recover IgA levels, while periods with multiple matches per week with limited recovery time should be avoided. Weekly training load should assume a small increment (<10%) to ensure IgA immune responses, especially, during the post coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) season.

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