scholarly journals Pandemic-Induced Reductions on Swim Training Volume and Performance in Collegiate Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Gloria Martinez Perez ◽  
Matthew VanSumeren ◽  
Michael Brown ◽  
Tamara Hew-Butler
Keyword(s):  
Training Group ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Opting Out ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Times

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant training disruptions during the 2020–2021 season, due to lockdowns, quarantines, and strict adherence to the pandemic protocols. The main purpose of this study was to determine how the pandemic training restrictions affected training volume and performance in one collegiate swim team. Cumulative training volume data across a 28-week season were compared between a pandemic (2020–2021) versus non-pandemic (2019–2020) season. The swimmers were categorized into three groups (sprinters, mid-distance, and long-distance) based on their training group. The performance times of 25 swimmers who competed in the regional championships, during both the non-pandemic and pandemic year, were compared via one-way ANOVA. Twenty-six male and 22 female swimmers commenced the 2020–2021 (pandemic) season, with 23% of the swimmers voluntarily opting out. Three COVID-19 cases were confirmed (2%) by the medical staff, with no long-term effects. Significant reductions in the average swim volume were verified in sprinters (32,867 ± 10,135 vs. 14,800 ± 7995 yards; p < 0.001), mid-distance (26,457 ± 10,692 vs. 17,054 ± 9.923 yards; p < 0.001), and long-distance (37,600 ± 14,430 vs. 22,254 ± 14,418 yards; p < 0.001) swimmers (non-pandemic vs. pandemic season, respectively). In the regional performance analyses, the sprinters swam faster (n = 8; −0.5 ± 0.6 s), while the mid-distance (n = 10; 0.17 ± 2.1 s) and long-distance (n = 7; 6.0 ± 4.9 s) swimmers swam slower (F = 11.76; p = 0.0003; r2 = 0.52). Thus, the pandemic caused significant reductions in swim training volume, with sprinters performing better and long-distance swimmers performing worse at the regional championships.

scholarly journals Pandemic-induced Reductions on Swim Training Volume and Performance in Collegiate Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Martinez Perez ◽  
Matthew VanSumeren ◽  
Michael Brown ◽  
Tamara Hew-Butler
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Opting Out ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Times

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant training disruptions during the 2020-21 season due to lockdowns, quarantines, and strict adherence to pandemic protocols. The main purpose of this study was to determine how pandemic training restrictions affected training volume and performance in one collegiate swim team. Cumulative training volume data, across a 28-week season, were compared between a pandemic (2020-2021) versus non-pandemic (2019-2020) season. Swimmers were categorized into three groups (Sprinters, Mid-Distance, and Long-Distance) based on training group. Performance times in 25 swimmers who competed in Regional Championships, during both the non-pandemic and pandemic year, were compared via 1-way ANOVA. 26 male and 22 female swimmers commenced the 2020-21 (pandemic) season, with 23% of swimmers voluntarily opting out. Three COVID-19 cases were confirmed (2%) by the medical staff with no long-term effects. Significant reductions in average swim volume were verified in Sprinters (32,867&plusmn;10,135 vs.14,800&plusmn;7,995yards;p&lt;0.001), Mid-Distance (26,457&plusmn;10,692 vs.17,054&plusmn;9.923yards;p&lt;0.001), and Long-Distance (37,600&plusmn;14,430 vs.22,254&plusmn;14,418yards;p&lt;0.001) swimmers (non-pandemic vs. pandemic season, respectively). In the Regional performance analyses, the Sprinters swam faster (n=8;-0.5&plusmn;0.6secs), while Mid-Distance (n=10;0.17&plusmn;2.1secs) and Long-Distance (n=7;6.0&plusmn;4.9secs) swimmers swam slower (F=11.76;p=0.0003;r2=0.52). Thus, the pandemic caused significant reductions in swim training volume, with Sprinters performing better and Long-Distance swimmers performing worse at Regional Championships.

Innovative Enterprise Solves the Agency Problem

2019 ◽  
pp. 156-191
Author(s):  
William Lazonick ◽  
Jang-Sup Shin
Keyword(s):  
Agency Theory ◽  
Hedge Fund ◽  
Innovation Theory ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Business Corporation ◽  
Innovative Enterprise ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Short Termism ◽  
The U.S

This chapter uses innovation theory to provide both a general theoretical critique and a selective empirical critique of the use of agency theory to rationalize the looting of the U.S. business corporation as enhancing economic efficiency. It focuses on three empirical works, Bebchuk and Fried, Pay Without Performance (2004); Bebchuk, Brav, and Jiang, “The Long-Term Effects of Hedge-Fund Activism” (2015); and Fried and Wang, “Short-Termism and Capital Flows” (2017). The chapter contends that MSV ideology as promulgated by agency theorists has contributed to inferior corporate and economic performance. It then argues that, for analyzing the operation and performance of the economy, innovation theory should replace agency theory.

Long-term effects and performance of two-stage baffled surface flow constructed wetland treating polluted river

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenlong Wang ◽  
Jingqing Gao ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Wenchao Li ◽  
Xinyuan Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Polluted River ◽  
And Performance

Design and performance of a free-air exposure system to study long-term effects of ozone on grasslands

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1341-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Volk ◽  
M Geissmann ◽  
A Blatter ◽  
F Contat ◽  
J Fuhrer
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Exposure System ◽  
Free Air ◽  
And Performance

Long-Term Outcomes of ADHD: Academic Achievement and Performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Eugene Arnold ◽  
Paul Hodgkins ◽  
Jennifer Kahle ◽  
Manisha Madhoo ◽  
Geoff Kewley
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Achievement Test ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Test Outcomes

Objective: The aim of this study was to synthesize published data regarding long-term effects of ADHD on information learned (measured via achievement tests) and success within the school environment (academic performance). Method: A systematic search identified 176 studies (1980-2012) of long-term (≥2 years) academic outcomes with ADHD. Results: Achievement test outcomes (79%) and academic performance outcomes (75%) were worse in individuals with untreated ADHD compared with non-ADHD controls, also when IQ difference was controlled (72% and 81%, respectively). Improvement in both outcome groups was associated with treatment, more often for achievement test scores (79%) than academic performance (42%), also when IQ was controlled (100% and 57%, respectively). More achievement test and academic performance outcomes improved with multimodal (100% and 67%, respectively) than pharmacological (75% and 33%) or non-pharmacological (75% and 50%) treatment alone. Conclusion: ADHD adversely affects long-term academic outcomes. A greater proportion of achievement test outcomes improved with treatment compared with academic performance. Both improved most consistently with multimodal treatment.

Long-term effects of heavy metals and antibiotics on granule-based anammox process: granule property and performance evolution

2015 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 2417-2427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng-Zhe Zhang ◽  
Qian-Qian Zhang ◽  
Jia-Jia Xu ◽  
Zhi-Jian Shi ◽  
Qiong Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Anammox Process
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