scholarly journals Pandemic-induced Reductions on Swim Training Volume and Performance in Collegiate Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Martinez Perez ◽  
Matthew VanSumeren ◽  
Michael Brown ◽  
Tamara Hew-Butler
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Opting Out ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Times

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant training disruptions during the 2020-21 season due to lockdowns, quarantines, and strict adherence to pandemic protocols. The main purpose of this study was to determine how pandemic training restrictions affected training volume and performance in one collegiate swim team. Cumulative training volume data, across a 28-week season, were compared between a pandemic (2020-2021) versus non-pandemic (2019-2020) season. Swimmers were categorized into three groups (Sprinters, Mid-Distance, and Long-Distance) based on training group. Performance times in 25 swimmers who competed in Regional Championships, during both the non-pandemic and pandemic year, were compared via 1-way ANOVA. 26 male and 22 female swimmers commenced the 2020-21 (pandemic) season, with 23% of swimmers voluntarily opting out. Three COVID-19 cases were confirmed (2%) by the medical staff with no long-term effects. Significant reductions in average swim volume were verified in Sprinters (32,867±10,135 vs.14,800±7,995yards;p<0.001), Mid-Distance (26,457±10,692 vs.17,054±9.923yards;p<0.001), and Long-Distance (37,600±14,430 vs.22,254±14,418yards;p<0.001) swimmers (non-pandemic vs. pandemic season, respectively). In the Regional performance analyses, the Sprinters swam faster (n=8;-0.5±0.6secs), while Mid-Distance (n=10;0.17±2.1secs) and Long-Distance (n=7;6.0±4.9secs) swimmers swam slower (F=11.76;p=0.0003;r2=0.52). Thus, the pandemic caused significant reductions in swim training volume, with Sprinters performing better and Long-Distance swimmers performing worse at Regional Championships.

scholarly journals Pandemic-Induced Reductions on Swim Training Volume and Performance in Collegiate Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Gloria Martinez Perez ◽  
Matthew VanSumeren ◽  
Michael Brown ◽  
Tamara Hew-Butler
Keyword(s):  
Training Group ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Opting Out ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Times

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant training disruptions during the 2020–2021 season, due to lockdowns, quarantines, and strict adherence to the pandemic protocols. The main purpose of this study was to determine how the pandemic training restrictions affected training volume and performance in one collegiate swim team. Cumulative training volume data across a 28-week season were compared between a pandemic (2020–2021) versus non-pandemic (2019–2020) season. The swimmers were categorized into three groups (sprinters, mid-distance, and long-distance) based on their training group. The performance times of 25 swimmers who competed in the regional championships, during both the non-pandemic and pandemic year, were compared via one-way ANOVA. Twenty-six male and 22 female swimmers commenced the 2020–2021 (pandemic) season, with 23% of the swimmers voluntarily opting out. Three COVID-19 cases were confirmed (2%) by the medical staff, with no long-term effects. Significant reductions in the average swim volume were verified in sprinters (32,867 ± 10,135 vs. 14,800 ± 7995 yards; p < 0.001), mid-distance (26,457 ± 10,692 vs. 17,054 ± 9.923 yards; p < 0.001), and long-distance (37,600 ± 14,430 vs. 22,254 ± 14,418 yards; p < 0.001) swimmers (non-pandemic vs. pandemic season, respectively). In the regional performance analyses, the sprinters swam faster (n = 8; −0.5 ± 0.6 s), while the mid-distance (n = 10; 0.17 ± 2.1 s) and long-distance (n = 7; 6.0 ± 4.9 s) swimmers swam slower (F = 11.76; p = 0.0003; r2 = 0.52). Thus, the pandemic caused significant reductions in swim training volume, with sprinters performing better and long-distance swimmers performing worse at the regional championships.

Undesirable Effects of Goal Setting on Perceived Fairness, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Keith
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Goal Commitment ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. The positive effects of goal setting on motivation and performance are among the most established findings of industrial–organizational psychology. Accordingly, goal setting is a common management technique. Lately, however, potential negative effects of goal-setting, for example, on unethical behavior, are increasingly being discussed. This research replicates and extends a laboratory experiment conducted in the United States. In one of three goal conditions (do-your-best goals, consistently high goals, increasingly high goals), 101 participants worked on a search task in five rounds. Half of them (transparency yes/no) were informed at the outset about goal development. We did not find the expected effects on unethical behavior but medium-to-large effects on subjective variables: Perceived fairness of goals and goal commitment were least favorable in the increasing-goal condition, particularly in later goal rounds. Results indicate that when designing goal-setting interventions, organizations may consider potential undesirable long-term effects.

scholarly journals Selecting sorting centres to avoid long distance transport of weaned beef calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Morel-Journel ◽  
E. Vergu ◽  
J.-B. Mercier ◽  
N. Bareille ◽  
P. Ezanno
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Distance Transport ◽  
French Beef ◽  
General Concern

AbstractThe transport of weaned calves from cow–calf producers to fatteners is a general concern for the young bull industry due to its documented negative impact on the welfare, health and performance of the animals. These transfers are often managed by intermediaries who transport weaned calves to sorting centres, where they are grouped into batches before being sent to fattening units. In this study, we present an algorithm to limiting these transfer distances by appropriately selecting the sorting centre through which they must go. We tested the effectiveness of this algorithm on historical data from a French beef producer organization managing 136,892 transfers using 13 sorting centres. The results show a decrease in the transfer distances compared to the historical record, especially for the calves travelling over long distances (− 76 km, i.e. 18% on average for the 33% longest transfers). Moreover, the distribution of calves between the sorting centres proposed by the algorithm reveals differences in their efficiency in minimizing transfer distances. In addition to its usefulness as a management tool for the daily transport of cattle, this algorithm provides prospects for improving the management of the sorting centres themselves.

Trained Helping Behaviors and Group Performance

1991 ◽  
Vol 68 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1291-1298
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Stone ◽  
Molly E. O'Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Helping Behaviors ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Crossword Puzzles

96 students assigned to 32 groups were trained in seeking information to judge whether particular helping behaviors would increase application of the behavior found positively correlated with performance. Three-person groups worked crossword puzzles which decreased in difficulty over two trials. Training significantly increased seeking behaviors and performance (reduced errors). Helping behaviors were also more useful when the task was difficult and not helpful when the task was easy, which supports the notion that helping behaviors may even be debilitating under certain circumstances. More research is needed to establish a functional definition of helping behaviors and to investigate the use of helping behaviors on tasks requiring interdependence among group members.

scholarly journals Body Flexibility Enhances Maneuverability in the World’s Largest Predator

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
P S Segre ◽  
D E Cade ◽  
J Calambokidis ◽  
F E Fish ◽  
A S Friedlaender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Ocean ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Active Surfaces ◽  
Aquatic Locomotion ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Blue Whales ◽  
Control Surfaces ◽  
Complex Trajectories

Abstract Blue whales are often characterized as highly stable, open-ocean swimmers who sacrifice maneuverability for long-distance cruising performance. However, recent studies have revealed that blue whales actually exhibit surprisingly complex underwater behaviors, yet little is known about the performance and control of these maneuvers. Here, we use multi-sensor biologgers equipped with cameras to quantify the locomotor dynamics and the movement of the control surfaces used by foraging blue whales. Our results revealed that simple maneuvers (rolls, turns, and pitch changes) are performed using distinct combinations of control and power provided by the flippers, the flukes, and bending of the body, while complex trajectories are structured by combining sequences of simple maneuvers. Furthermore, blue whales improve their turning performance by using complex banked turns to take advantage of their substantial dorso-ventral flexibility. These results illustrate the important role body flexibility plays in enhancing control and performance of maneuvers, even in the largest of animals. The use of the body to supplement the performance of the hydrodynamically active surfaces may represent a new mechanism in the control of aquatic locomotion.

Oxygen uptake, acid-base status, and performance with varied inspired oxygen fractions

1980 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Adams ◽  
H. G. Welch
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Performance Times ◽  
Inspired Oxygen

Six subjects rode a bicycle ergometer on three occasions breathing 17, 21, or 60% oxygen. In addition to rest and recovery periods, each subject worked for 10 min at 55% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and then to exhaustion at approximately 90% VO2 max. Performance time, inspired and expired gas fractions, ventilation, and arterialized venous oxygen tension (PO2), carbon dioxide tension (PCO2), lactate, and pH were measured. VO2, carbon dioxide output, [H+]a, and [HCO3-]a were calculated. Performance times were longer in hyperoxia than in normoxia or hypoxia. However, VO2 was not different at exhaustion in normoxia compared with hypoxia or hyperoxia. During exercise, hypoxia was associated with increased lactate levels and decreased [H+]a, PCO2, and [HCO3-]a. The opposite trends were generally associated with hyperoxia. At exhaustion, [H+]a was not different under any inspired oxygen fraction. These results support the contention that oxygen is not limiting for exercise of this intensity and duration. The results also suggest that [H+] is a possible limiting factor and that the effect of oxygen on performance is perhaps related to control of [H+].

Effects of In Vivo Emotive Imagery and Performance Feedback on Self-Efficacy and Muscular Endurance

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah L. Feltz ◽  
Camala A. Riessinger
Keyword(s):  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Efficacy Beliefs ◽  
Muscular Endurance ◽  
College Males ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Imagery Group ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Times

An experiment was conducted to investigate the relative merits of in vivo emotive imagery and performance feedback in enhancing self-efficacy beliefs and performance on a competitive muscular endurance task. College males (n=60) and females (n=60) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: mastery imagery plus feedback, feedback alone, or control condition. Subjects in the imagery-plus-feedback condition were told that one of the pair (always the subject) would receive imagery exposure while the other (always the confederate) would wait outside. Subjects performed two trials against the confederate, who always won by 10 seconds. A Group x Trials interaction for self-efficacy revealed a significant increase for the imagery group after brief exposure. Also, imagery subjects had significantly higher efficacy scores than feedback alone or control subjects after each performance trial. A Group x Trials interaction for performance indicated that imagery subjects initially had significantly longer performance times than did feedback alone or control subjects. Performance feedback alone did not influence efficacy beliefs or performance.

scholarly journals Factors affecting poor attendance for outpatient physiotherapy by patients discharged from Mthatha General Hospital with a stroke

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
N.P. Ntamo ◽  
D. Buso ◽  
B. Longo-Mbenza
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Clinical Impression ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Physiotherapy Department

Background: Stroke is a major cause of disability inthe world and its long term effects require adherence to physiotherapyprotocols for optimal rehabilitation. Clinical impression of data fromMthatha General Hospital (MGH) Physiotherapy Department revealedthat there was poor attendance of outpatient physiotherapy by strokepatients discharged from MGH and this had negative effects on outcomesand health care costs.Objective: To determine the extent and the socio-demographic reasonsfor poor attendance for outpatient physiotherapy by stroke patients.Methods: An observational descriptive study was conducted using arandomly selected sample of 103 stroke patients from a population of 139who attended physiotherapy in MGH in 2007. Structured interviews wereconducted and SPSS was used for data analysis.Results: The majority (86%) of patients did not attend physiotherapy until discharge from the Physiotherapy Department. Themajor reasons for poor attendance were lack of finances (95%), migration to other areas (36%), and living a long distance fromMGH (38%).Conclusion: Almost 9 out of 10 stroke patients fail to attend for outpatient physiotherapy because of lack of finances.Recommendation: Development of a Provincial Rehabilitation Policy with specific reference to decentralization of rehabilitationservices to address unavailability of physiotherapy services at clinics and health care centers which are proximal to the patients’residential areas is recommended.

scholarly journals Assessment of Dietary Intake of Long-Distance Race Car Drivers—A Pilot Study

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Edem Appiah-Dwomoh ◽  
Anja Carlsohn ◽  
Frank Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Race Car ◽  
Race Car Drivers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Long Distance Race

Long-distance race car drivers are classified as athletes. The sport is physically and mentally demanding, requiring long hours of practice. Therefore, optimal dietary intake is essential for health and performance of the athlete. The aim of the study was to evaluate dietary intake and to compare the data with dietary recommendations for athletes and for the general adult population according to the German Nutrition Society (DGE). A 24-h dietary recall during a competition preparation phase was obtained from 16 male race car drivers (28.3 ± 6.1 years, body mass index (BMI) of 22.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2). The mean intake of energy, nutrients, water and alcohol was recorded. The mean energy, vitamin B2, vitamin E, folate, fiber, calcium, water and alcohol intake were 2124 ± 814 kcal/day, 1.3 ± 0.5 mg/day, 12.5 ± 9.5 mg/day, 231.0 ± 90.9 ug/day, 21.4 ± 9.4 g/day, 1104 ± 764 mg/day, 3309 ± 1522 mL/day and 0.8 ± 2.5 mL/day respectively. Our study indicated that many of the nutrients studied, including energy and carbohydrate, were below the recommended dietary intake for both athletes and the DGE.

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