scholarly journals Dual Role of Bile Acids on the Biliary Epithelium: Friend or Foe?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Baiocchi ◽  
Tianhao Zhou ◽  
Suthat Liangpunsakul ◽  
Ilaria Lenci ◽  
Francesco Santopaolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Biliary Tree ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Biliary Epithelium ◽  
Hydrophobic Compounds ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Cell Signaling Pathways

Bile acids are a family of amphipathic compounds predominantly known for their role in solubilizing and absorbing hydrophobic compounds (including liposoluble vitamins) in the intestine. Bile acids also are key signaling molecules and inflammatory agents that activate transcriptional factors and cell signaling pathways that regulate lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism in various human disorders, including chronic liver diseases. However, in the last decade increased awareness has been founded on the physiological and chemical heterogeneity of this category of compounds and their possible beneficial or injurious effects on the biliary tree. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of the molecular mechanism involving bile acid and biliary epithelium. The last achievements of the research in this field are summarized, focusing on the molecular aspects and the elements with relevance regarding human liver diseases.

Role of scavenger receptors in the pathophysiology of chronic liver diseases

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Armengol ◽  
Ramon Bartoli ◽  
Lucia Sanjurjo ◽  
Isabel Serra ◽  
Nuria Amezaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Scavenger Receptors ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Liver Cirrhosis Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Na Young Lee ◽  
Ki Tae Suk
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

Liver cirrhosis is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide. In addition to viral hepatitis, diseases such as steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis and Wilson’s disease can also lead to cirrhosis. Moreover, alcohol can cause cirrhosis on its own and exacerbate chronic liver disease of other causes. The treatment of cirrhosis can be divided into addressing the cause of cirrhosis and reversing liver fibrosis. To this date, there is still no clear consensus on the treatment of cirrhosis. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in potential treatments that modulate the gut microbiota and gut-liver axis for the treatment of cirrhosis. According to recent studies, modulation of the gut microbiome by probiotics ameliorates the progression of liver disease. The precise mechanism for relieving cirrhosis via gut microbial modulation has not been identified. This paper summarizes the role and effects of the gut microbiome in cirrhosis based on experimental and clinical studies on absorbable antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Moreover, it provides evidence of a relationship between the gut microbiome and liver fibrosis.

The Role of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Liver Diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Devaraj Ezhilarasan ◽  
Shanmugam Rajeshkumar ◽  
Thangavelu Lakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

FLORID DUCT LESIONS AND EXTENSIVE BILE DUCT LOSS OF THE INTRAHEPATIC BILIARY TREE IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES OTHER THAN PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS

1983 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1104
Author(s):  
Yasuni Nakanuma ◽  
Goroku Ohta ◽  
Haruo Takeshita ◽  
Yoshikiyo Yamazaki ◽  
Kenji Doishita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Duct ◽  
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Biliary Tree ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Biliary Cirrhosis ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Roles and Cytoprotection in Chronic Liver Injury

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Degli Esposti ◽  
Jocelyne Hamelin ◽  
Nelly Bosselut ◽  
Raphaël Saffroy ◽  
Mylène Sebagh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Organelle Biogenesis ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Chronic Liver Injury ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target ◽  
Apoptosis And Necrosis

The liver is one of the richest organs in terms of number and density of mitochondria. Most chronic liver diseases are associated with the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. Hepatic mitochondria have unique features compared to other organs' mitochondria, since they are the hub that integrates hepatic metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Mitochondria are also essential in hepatocyte survival as mediator of apoptosis and necrosis. Hepatocytes have developed different mechanisms to keep mitochondrial integrity or to prevent the effects of mitochondrial lesions, in particular regulating organelle biogenesis and degradation. In this paper, we will focus on the role of mitochondria in liver physiology, such as hepatic metabolism, reactive oxygen species homeostasis and cell survival. We will also focus on chronic liver pathologies, especially those linked to alcohol, virus, drugs or metabolic syndrome and we will discuss how mitochondria could provide a promising therapeutic target in these contexts.

scholarly journals Dysregulation of redox pathways in liver fibrosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (4) ◽  
pp. G667-G674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie J. Torok
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Novel Treatment ◽  
Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽  
Precise Role

Reactive oxygen species are implicated in physiological signaling and cell fate decisions. In chronic liver diseases persistent and increased production of oxidative radicals drives a fibrogenic response that is a common feature of disease progression. Despite our understanding the biology of the main prooxidant enzymes, their targets, and antioxidant mechanisms in the liver, there is still lack of knowledge concerning their precise role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. This review will examine the role of physiological redox signaling in the liver, provide an overview on recent advances in prooxidant and antioxidant pathways that are dysregulated during fibrosis, and highlight possible novel treatment targets.

Death by association: BH3 domain-only proteins and liver injury

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (6) ◽  
pp. G987-G990 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Baskin-Bey ◽  
G. J. Gores
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Liver Cell ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
Bh3 Domain ◽  
A Cell

Apoptosis, a prominent form of cell death, is a prime feature of many acute and chronic liver diseases. Apoptosis requires mitochondrial dysfunction, which is regulated by proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Whether or not a cell should live or die is controlled by the interaction of multidomain Bcl-2 proteins with proapoptotic BH3 domain-only proteins of this family. Current models suggest multidomain, antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins prevent mitochondrial dysfunction by sequestering and/or preventing activation of its proapoptotic relatives. BH3-only proteins initiate cell death by neutralizing and or ligating multidomain prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins. Thus BH3 domain-only proteins are paramount in the apoptotic process as exemplified by the role of the BH3 domain-only protein Bid in liver injury. In this concise review, we will focus on how these BH3 domain-only proteins are regulated in the cell, their association with the Bcl-2 family of proteins, and finally, current information regarding their involvement in liver cell apoptosis and injury.

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