scholarly journals Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes in Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7759
Author(s):  
Paola Leonetti ◽  
Sergio Molinari
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Gene Activation ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Methyl Transferase ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Defense Enzyme ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Plant Resistance Gene

Two wild-type field populations of root-knot nematodes (Mi-Vfield, Mj-TunC2field), and two isolates selected for virulence in laboratory on resistant tomato cultivars (SM2V, SM11C2), were used to induce a resistance reaction in tomato to the soil-borne parasites. Epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms of resistance were detected and compared with those occurring in partially or fully successful infections. The activated epigenetic mechanisms in plant resistance, as opposed to those activated in infected plants, were detected by analyzing the methylated status of total DNA, by ELISA methods, and the expression level of key genes involved in the methylation pathway, by qRT-PCR. DNA hypo-methylation and down-regulation of two methyl-transferase genes (CMT2, DRM5), characterized the only true resistant reaction obtained by inoculating the Mi-1.2-carrying resistant tomato cv Rossol with the avirulent field population Mi-Vfield. On the contrary, in the roots into which nematodes were allowed to develop and reproduce, total DNA was generally found to be hyper-methylated and methyl-transferase genes up-loaded. DNA hypo-methylation was considered to be the upstream mechanism that triggers the general gene over-expression observed in plant resistance. Gene silencing induced by nematodes may be obtained through DNA hyper-methylation and methyl-transferase gene activation. Plant resistance is also characterized by an inhibition of the anti-oxidant enzyme system and activation of the defense enzyme chitinase, as opposed to the activation of such a system and inhibition of the defense enzyme glucanase in roots infested by nematodes.

scholarly journals Epigenetic and Metabolic Mechanisms in Plant Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Leonetti ◽  
Sergio Molinari
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Gene Activation ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Methyl Transferase ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Resistance Reaction ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Plant Resistance Gene

Two wild-type field populations of root-knot nematodes (Mi-Vfield, Mj-TunC2field), and two isolates selected for virulence in laboratory on resistant tomato cultivars (SM2V, SM11C2), were used to induce a resistance reaction in tomato to the soil-borne parasites. Epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms of resistance were detected and compared with those occurring in partially or fully successful infections. The activated epigenetic mechanisms in plant resistance, as opposed to those activated in infected plants, were detected by analysing the methylated status of total DNA, by ELISA methods, and the expression level of key genes involved in the methylation pathway, by qRT-PCR. DNA hypo-methylation and down-regulation of two methyl-transferase genes (CMT2, DRM5), characterized the only true resistant reaction obtained by inoculating the Mi-1.2-carrying resistant tomato cv Rossol with the avirulent field population Mi-Vfield. On the contrary, in the roots into which nematodes were allowed to develop and reproduce, total DNA was generally found to be hyper-methylated and methyl-transferase genes up-loaded. DNA hypo-methylation was considered to be the upstream mechanism that triggers the general gene over-expression observed in plant resistance. Gene silencing induced by nematodes may be obtained through DNA hyper-methylation and methyl-transferase gene activation. Plant resistance is also characterized by an inhibition of the anti-oxidant enzyme system and activation of the defence enzyme chitinase, as opposed to the activation of such a system and inhibition of the defence enzyme glucanase in roots infested by nematodes.

Insect–Plant Interactions: A Multilayered Relationship

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garima Sharma ◽  
Praful Ashokrao Malthankar ◽  
Vartika Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Plant Interaction ◽  
Morphological Defense

Abstract During herbivory, insects recognize their host plant based on specific chemical cues, whereas the plants induce various chemical and morphological defense responses to resist this attack. However, the seemingly bidirectional insect–plant interaction involves various confounding aspects that influence the performance and fitness of the two participants. These interactions are often mediated by associated microbiota, competitors, predators, and parasitoids that interact in either obligate or facultative manner. Insect endosymbionts play a crucial role in the perception, nutrition, metabolism as well as reproduction of their host, which together determine its survival and fitness on the plant. Endosymbionts also help their host to overcome plant defenses by detoxifying plant metabolites. On the contrary, plant-associated microbes contribute in induced systemic plant resistance by enhancing chemical and morphological defense. These interactions determine the association of insect and plant, not only with the high trophic levels but also with the ecosystem as a whole. Thus, insect–plant interaction is a multilayered relationship extending to various micro- and macro-organisms associated either temporally or spatially. All these relationships may be considered to obtain a wholesome perspective of the natural environment.

Targeted mapping of ESTs linked to the adult plant resistance gene Lr46 in wheat using synteny with rice

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mateos-Hernandez ◽  
Ravi P. Singh ◽  
Scot H. Hulbert ◽  
Robert L. Bowden ◽  
Julio Huerta-Espino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Adult Plant Resistance ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Adult Plant Resistance Gene ◽  
Plant Resistance Gene

Insect—plant interactions: the evolution of component communities

1996 ◽  
Vol 351 (1345) ◽  
pp. 1361-1366 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Biogeographic Regions ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Host Associations

Because plant resistance to different herbivores seems generally not to be genetically highly correlated, selection by herbivores for plant resistance traits and for investment in such traits is likely to be strongly influenced by the species composition of a plant species’ associated community of enemies. We summarize evidence that the host associations of specialized herbivorous insects are often phylogenetically very conservative, and include an analysis of host associations of eastern North American leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). The great majority of these feed on the same plant families as their congeners in other biogeographic regions. The phylogenetic evidence for conservatism is complemented by a survey of several species of Ophraella (Chrysomelidae) for genetic variation in feeding responses to and survival on host plants of congeric species. In about half the cases, no genetic variation was discerned. Genetic variation was displayed most often in responses to plants closely related to the species’ natural hosts. Biases in patterns of genetic variation may therefore underlie the phylogenetic conservatism of host use. Long-lasting associations of plants with specialized herbivores may provide opportunity for coevolution.

Changes in aphid probing behaviour as a function of insect age and plant resistance level

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 550-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pompon ◽  
Y. Pelletier
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Probing Behaviour

AbstractAphids perform a series of behaviours to assess feeding suitability and, hence, to select a plant. Little information, however, is available on such behaviour after aphids have settled on a plant. Observation of probing behaviour over an extended period of time can improve our understanding of insect-plant interactions and is instrumental in the study of crop resistance. Here, we assessed the influence of aphid age and plant resistance level on aphid behaviour. An electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was implemented to monitor the behaviour of potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, alates on potato, Solanum tuberosum, and on both a susceptible and a resistant genotype of a wild Solanum species, S. chomatophilum. The behaviour was measured at daily intervals for the first seven days following adult emergence. The results indicated independent and interacting effects of aphid age and plant genotype on probing behaviour. Some behavioural discrepancies between susceptible and resistant genotypes were only observed after the first day, thus highlighting the limits of punctual one-day behavioural studies to assess plant resistance mechanisms. Our work supports the hypothesis that aphids continuously adapt their behaviour to the plant characteristics.

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