scholarly journals Transcriptomic and Coexpression Network Analyses Revealed Pine Chalcone Synthase Genes Associated with Pine Wood Nematode Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
pp. 11195
Author(s):  
Qiaoli Chen ◽  
Ruizhi Zhang ◽  
Danlei Li ◽  
Feng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Coexpression Network ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Chalcone Synthase Genes ◽  
Pine Species

Pine wood nematode (PWN) causes serious diseases in conifers, especially pine species. To investigate the transcriptomic profiles of genes involved in pine-PWN interactions, two different pine species, namely, Pinus thunbergii and P. massoniana, were selected for this study. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to determine the relationship between changes in gene expression and the PWN population after PWN infection. PWN infection negatively affects the expression of most genes in pine trees, including plant defense-related genes such as genes related to plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interactions, and the MAPK signaling pathway in plants. However, the expression of chalcone synthase genes and their related genes were proportional to the changes in nematode populations, and chalcone synthase genes were dominant within the coexpression module enriched by genes highly correlated with the nematode population. Many genes that were closely related to chalcone synthase genes in the module were related to flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Pine trees could actively adjust their defense strategies in response to changes in the number of invasive PWNs, but the sustained expression of chalcone synthase genes should play an important role in the inhibition of PWN infection.

Pathogenicity of Bursaphelenchusxylophilus on three species of pine

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Bedker ◽  
M. J. Wingfield ◽  
R. A. Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Branch Death

Three species of 11-year-old pine trees were inoculated with Bursaphelenchusxylophilus in the field. Four branches in single whorls on red, Scots, and jack pine trees were wounded and inoculated with 10 000 nematodes each or with water extracts from Botrytiscinerea cultures. Prior to field inoculations, the pathogenicity of the nematode isolate was confirmed on seedlings in the greenhouse. Fourteen weeks after inoculation, 27 of 80 and 13 of 52 branches were dead or dying on Scots and jack pine trees, respectively. No symptoms were observed on red pine trees inoculated with B. xylophilus or on any controls. Branch death was attributed to the formation of girdling cankers resulting from inoculation. An average of 9.14, 10.39, and 0.02 nematodes were extracted per gram of wood from branch samples collected from Scots, jack, and red pine trees at 14 weeks, respectively, and at 58 weeks an average of 13.82, 1.01, and 0.05 nematodes per gram of wood sampled were recovered. Proportions of branch samples with nematodes declined from 14 to 58 weeks after inoculation. Although limited mortality of branches occurred, the pine wood nematode was not found to cause tree death following inoculation.

ExpansinB3 as a marker for detecting pine wood nematode-infected pine trees

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1228-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Ha Kim ◽  
A-Young Kim ◽  
Bo-Hye Choi ◽  
Hye-Rim Han ◽  
Young Ho Koh
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Pine Trees

scholarly journals MULTIPLICATION OF MYCOPHAGUS PINE WOOD NEMATODE ON THE MYCELIUM OF PHOMOPSIS SP. ISOLATED FROM WILTING PINE TREES IN JAPAN

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 (1Supplement) ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
N. MOROOKA ◽  
M. WATANABE ◽  
K. MAEJIMA ◽  
H. TSUNODA ◽  
T. TATSUNO
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Pine Trees

scholarly journals Assessment of the PCR technique for identification of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya & Enda 1979, B. xylophilus Steiner & Buhrer 1934 (Nickle 1970) and B. fraudulentus Rühm 1956 (Nematoda, Aphelenchoididae) in crude extract of nematodes isolated from wood

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-351
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Direct Examination ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Pine Trees

The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Steiner & Buhrer 1934 (Nickle 1970) is the major causative agent of the pine wilt disease which has become devastating to Asian and European coniferous forests. These regions are also naturally occupied by two other native but nonpathogenic species, i.e. B. mucronatus Mamiya & Enda 1979 and B. fraudulentus Rühm 1956 which are closely related to the invasive B. xylophilus. Moreover, all these three species can colonize pine trees, and potentially be extracted from the same wood samples. Due to the cosmopolitan character and wide genetic variation within- and between existing populations the taxonomic distinction of these species based exclusively on their morphology is difficult or, almost impossible. The present quarantine regulations related to B. xylophilus require the most credible and simple methods which could allow for a possibly earliest detection and precise identification of this species in wood shipments and conifer forests stands. The main objectives of the presently reported research were to simplify the presently available procedures for possibly fast and precise detection and identification of B. xylophilus examined in the background of the remaining Bursaphelenchus species of the xylophilus group and other bacterio- and mycetophagous nematodes naturally present in the pine wood samples. The developed method is based on a direct examination of the crude nematode extract from wood samples and subsequent use of PCR technique with earlier designed specific reaction starters amplifying ITS1–28S rDNA regions.

scholarly journals Silencing of cyp-33C9 Gene Affects the Reproduction and Pathogenicity of the Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuwen Qiu ◽  
Lili Yang ◽  
Jianren Ye ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Tiantian Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Genes ◽  
Pine Trees

Cytochrome P450 genes are very important for plant-parasitic nematodes to reproduce and to metabolize xenobiotic compounds generated by their host plants. The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes very high annual economic losses by killing large numbers of pine trees across Asia and into Europe. In this study, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to analyze the function of the cyp-33C9 gene of PWN. Our results showed that expression of the cyp-33C9 gene was suppressed successfully after soaking nematodes for 24 h in cyp-33C9 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The silencing of the cyp-33C9 gene significantly decreased the feeding, reproduction, oviposition and egg hatch of B. xylophilus. Meanwhile, the migration speed of B. xylophilus in Pinus thunbergii was reduced in the early stages when the cyp-33C9 gene was silenced in the nematodes. Moreover, knockdown of the cyp-33C9 gene in B. xylophilus caused a decrease in pathogenicity to pine trees. These results suggest that the cyp-33C9 gene plays an important role in the reproduction and pathogenicity of B. xylophilus. This discovery identified several functions of the cyp-33C9 gene in B. xylophilus and provided useful information for understanding the molecular mechanism behind pine wilt disease caused by PWN.

Cohabitation of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and fungal species in pine trees inoculated with B. xylophilus

Nematology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyoshi Futai ◽  
Rina Sriwati ◽  
Shuhei Takemoto
Keyword(s):  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Old Japanese ◽  
Sphaeropsis Sapinea ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and fungi cohabiting in 15-year-old Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii, was examined at intervals of 2 months over a year following inoculation with PWN. The population of PWN in the trees was large in August, but decreased slightly in December then increased again in February. Eighteen species of fungi were isolated from wood samples of the pine trees examined. Among them were Phialophora repens, Sphaeropsis sapinea, Pestalotiopsis spp. and Rhizoctonia sp., which were detected most frequently every season. All of these dominant fungi had positive effects on increasing the nematode population except for Rhizoctonia sp., on which PWN propagated less. Under laboratory conditions, 18 species of fungi isolated from pine trees and Botrytis cinerea cultured on potato dextrose agar served as food for PWN, and PWN population build up was compared at 20°C. PWN increased significantly on Pestalotiopsis sp. 1, Pestalotiopsis sp. 2, Sphaeropsis sapinea, Phialophora repens and B. cinerea from 10-15 days after inoculation. From the viewpoint of food quality and their cohabiting ability, we concluded that the species of fungi that were dominant in the pine trees, except for Rhizoctonia sp., had a compatible relationship with PWN, whilst Rhizoctonia sp. and Penicillium spp. were neutral, and Trichoderma spp. had an incompatible relationship with PWN.

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