GYMEE: A Global Field-Scale Crop Yield and ET Mapper in Google Earth Engine Based on Landsat, Weather, and Soil Data

In this study, we used Landsat Earth observations and gridded weather data along with global soil datasets available in Google Earth Engine (GEE) to estimate crop yield at 30 m resolution. We implemented a remote sensing and evapotranspiration-based light use efficiency model globally and integrated abiotic environmental stressors (temperature, soil moisture, and vapor deficit stressors). The operational model (Global Yield Mapper in Earth Engine (GYMEE)) was validated against actual yield data for three agricultural schemes with different climatic, soil, and management conditions located in Lebanon, Brazil, and Spain. Field-level crop yield data on wheat, potato, and corn for 2015–2020 were used for assessment. The performance of GYMEE was statistically evaluated through root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean bias error (MBE), relative error (RE), and index of agreement (d). The results showed that the absolute difference between the modeled and predicted field-level yield was within ±16% for the analyzed crops in both Brazil and Lebanon study sites and within ±15% in the Spain site (except for two fields). GYMEE performed best for wheat crop in Lebanon with a low RMSE (0.6 t/ha), MAE (0.5 t/ha), MBE (−0.06 t/ha), and RE (0.83%). A very good agreement was observed for all analyzed crop yields, with an index of agreement (d) averaging at 0.8 in all studied sites. GYMEE shows potential in providing yield estimates for potato, wheat, and corn yields at a relative error of ±6%. We also quantified and spatialized the soil moisture stress constraint and its impact on reducing biomass production. A showcasing of moisture stress impact on two emphasized fields from the Lebanon site revealed that a 12% difference in soil moisture stress can decrease yield by 17%. A comparison between the 2017 and 2018 seasons for the potato culture of Lebanon showed that the 2017 season with lower abiotic stresses had higher light use efficiency, above-ground biomass, and yield by 5%, 10%, and 9%, respectively. The results show that the model is of high value for assessing global food production.

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Crop Coefficient (kc) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) of Soybean as Affected by Soil Moisture Stress and Fertility Levels

Journal of Applied Sciences ◽

10.3923/jas.2002.1096.1098 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2 (12) ◽

pp. 1096-1098 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

U.A. Burriro . ◽

H.A. Samoon . ◽

F.C. Oad . ◽

G.H. Jamro .

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Crop Coefficient ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Soil Moisture Stress ◽

Use Efficiency

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Modeling stomatal conductance in the earth system: linking leaf water-use efficiency and water transport along the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-7-2193-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 2193-2222 ◽

Cited By ~ 154

Author(s):

G. B. Bonan ◽

M. Williams ◽

R. A. Fisher ◽

K. W. Oleson

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Functional Dependence ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Leaf Water ◽

Carbon Gain ◽

Soil Moisture Stress ◽

Use Efficiency

Abstract. The Ball–Berry stomatal conductance model is commonly used in earth system models to simulate biotic regulation of evapotranspiration. However, the dependence of stomatal conductance (gs) on vapor pressure deficit (Ds) and soil moisture must be empirically parameterized. We evaluated the Ball–Berry model used in the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) and an alternative stomatal conductance model that links leaf gas exchange, plant hydraulic constraints, and the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (SPA). The SPA model simulates stomatal conductance numerically by (1) optimizing photosynthetic carbon gain per unit water loss while (2) constraining stomatal opening to prevent leaf water potential from dropping below a critical minimum. We evaluated two optimization algorithms: intrinsic water-use efficiency (ΔAn /Δgs, the marginal carbon gain of stomatal opening) and water-use efficiency (ΔAn /ΔEl, the marginal carbon gain of transpiration water loss). We implemented the stomatal models in a multi-layer plant canopy model to resolve profiles of gas exchange, leaf water potential, and plant hydraulics within the canopy, and evaluated the simulations using leaf analyses, eddy covariance fluxes at six forest sites, and parameter sensitivity analyses. The primary differences among stomatal models relate to soil moisture stress and vapor pressure deficit responses. Without soil moisture stress, the performance of the SPA stomatal model was comparable to or slightly better than the CLM Ball–Berry model in flux tower simulations, but was significantly better than the CLM Ball–Berry model when there was soil moisture stress. Functional dependence of gs on soil moisture emerged from water flow along the soil-to-leaf pathway rather than being imposed a priori, as in the CLM Ball–Berry model. Similar functional dependence of gs on Ds emerged from the ΔAn/ΔEl optimization, but not the ΔAn /gs optimization. Two parameters (stomatal efficiency and root hydraulic conductivity) minimized errors with the SPA stomatal model. The critical stomatal efficiency for optimization (ι) gave results consistent with relationships between maximum An and gs seen in leaf trait data sets and is related to the slope (g1) of the Ball–Berry model. Root hydraulic conductivity (Rr*) was consistent with estimates from literature surveys. The two central concepts embodied in the SPA stomatal model, that plants account for both water-use efficiency and for hydraulic safety in regulating stomatal conductance, imply a notion of optimal plant strategies and provide testable model hypotheses, rather than empirical descriptions of plant behavior.

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Effects of Dated Soil Moisture Stress on Crop Yields

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700007602 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 51-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

S. Nairizi ◽

J. R. Rydzewski

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Relative Sensitivity ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Growth Cycle ◽

Yield Response ◽

Soil Moisture Stress ◽

Time Element ◽

Quantitative Contribution

SUMMARYCrop yield response to soil moisture deficiency varies for different crops and also depends on the time of its occurrence in the growth cycle. Many attempts have been made to derive a single relationship between total water consumption and yield for various crops, but this has proved of limited use, because the effect of time was omitted from such production functions. Jensen (1968) derived two expressions, for determinate and indeterminate crops, bringing the time element into his expressions indirectly by a parameter (λi) which defines the relative sensitivity of the crop to soil moisture stress at different growing stages. The usefulness of this approach depends on the accuracy with which this parameter can be determined. The aim of this paper is to derive λi for a number of crops from available experimental data and subsequently to find a way of computing the quantitative contribution of each single irrigation application to the crop yield. This should lead to a more rational use of irrigation water resources.

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Pre-sowing static magnetic field treatment for improving water and radiation use efficiency in chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) under soil moisture stress

Bioelectromagnetics ◽

10.1002/bem.21994 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (6) ◽

pp. 400-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nilimesh Mridha ◽

Sudipta Chattaraj ◽

Debashis Chakraborty ◽

Anjali Anand ◽

Pramila Aggarwal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Static Magnetic Field ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Radiation Use Efficiency ◽

Soil Moisture Stress ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Magnetic Field Treatment ◽

Radiation Use

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EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE STRESS ON YIELD, WATER-USE EFFICIENCY AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF OATS AND ALFALFA GROWN AT TWO FERTILITY LEVELS

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss62-002 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 7-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S. J. Bourget ◽

R. B. Carson

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Phosphorus Content ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Soil Moisture Stress ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Crops Yield ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus

Yields of oats and alfalfa grown in two soils in the greenhouse, with and without fertilizer, usually decreased with increasing moisture stress obtained by depleting the available moisture to 75, 50, 25 and nearly 0 per cent.An application of 6-20-20 fertilizer for oats and of 0-20-20 for alfalfa at the rate of 1000 pounds per acre gave a marked increase in crops yield and it resulted in a more efficient use of water by the crops than was obtained without fertilizer, although the total amount of water used was greater with than without fertilizer. The water-use efficiency values for oats usually increased with decreasing available water whereas those for alfalfa were less consistent.The composition in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium of the plant tissues did not vary greatly. However, the phosphorus content of oats grain decreased with increasing soil moisture stress unless fertilizer was added, indicating that soil phosphorus became less available for oats at high moisture stress.

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Yield and water use efficiency of potato varieties under different soil-moisture stress conditions in the Fergana Valley of Central Asia

Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems ◽

10.1080/21683565.2016.1141145 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (5) ◽

pp. 407-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Mohan Reddy ◽

Kahramon Jumaboev ◽

Ihtiyor Bobojonov ◽

Carlo Carli ◽

Davron Eshmuratov

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Central Asia ◽

Water Use ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Soil Moisture Stress ◽

Potato Varieties ◽

Use Efficiency

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Water demand and water use efficiency of winter barley in Hungary

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.59.2011.1.2 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 13-22

Author(s):

Z. Varga-Haszonits ◽

E. Enzsölné Gerencsér ◽

Z. Lantos ◽

Z. Varga

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Supply ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Potential Evapotranspiration ◽

Growth Period ◽

Winter Barley ◽

Potential Yield ◽

Yield Data ◽

Use Efficiency

The temporal and spatial variability of soil moisture, evapotranspiration and water use were investigated for winter barley. Evaluations were carried out on a database containing meteorological and yield data from 15 stations. The spatial distribution of soil moisture, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency (WUE) was evaluated from 1951 to 2000 and the moisture conditions during the growth period of winter barley were investigated. The water supply was found to be favourable, since the average values of soil moisture remained above the lower limit of favourable water content throughout the growth period, except for September–December and May–June. The actual evapotranspiration tended to be close to the potential evapotranspiration, so the water supplies were favourable throughout the vegetation period. The calculated values of WUE showed an increasing trend from 1960 to 1990, but the lower level of agricultural inputs caused a decline after 1990. The average values of WUE varied between 0.87 and 1.09 g/kg in different counties, with higher values in the northern part of the Great Hungarian Plain. The potential yield of winter barley can be calculated from the maximum value of WUE. Except in the cooler northern and western parts of the country, the potential yield of winter barley, based on the water supply, could exceed 10 t/ha.

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Correlations of Vegetative and Reproductive Characters with Root Traits of Upland Rice under Imposed Soil Moisture Stress

Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.4314/njb.v32i1.9 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

A.L Nassir ◽

K.M. Adewusi ◽

S.O. Olagunju

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Upland Rice ◽

Root Traits ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Soil Moisture Stress ◽

Reproductive Characters

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Improved understanding of drought controls on seasonal variation in Mediterranean forest canopy CO<sub>2</sub> and water fluxes through combined in situ measurements and ecosystem modelling

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-6-1423-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. 1423-1444 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

T. Keenan ◽

R. García ◽

A. D. Friend ◽

S. Zaehle ◽

C. Gracia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Forest Canopy ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Mediterranean Ecosystems ◽

Forest Growth ◽

Water Fluxes ◽

Soil Moisture Stress ◽

Dynamic Global Vegetation Model ◽

Forest Growth Model

Abstract. Water stress is a defining characteristic of Mediterranean ecosystems, and is likely to become more severe in the coming decades. Simulation models are key tools for making predictions, but our current understanding of how soil moisture controls ecosystem functioning is not sufficient to adequately constrain parameterisations. Canopy-scale flux data from four forest ecosystems with Mediterranean-type climates were used in order to analyse the physiological controls on carbon and water flues through the year. Significant non-stomatal limitations on photosynthesis were detected, along with lesser changes in the conductance-assimilation relationship. New model parameterisations were derived and implemented in two contrasting modelling approaches. The effectiveness of two models, one a dynamic global vegetation model ("ORCHIDEE"), and the other a forest growth model particularly developed for Mediterranean simulations ("GOTILWA+"), was assessed and modelled canopy responses to seasonal changes in soil moisture were analysed in comparison with in situ flux measurements. In contrast to commonly held assumptions, we find that changing the ratio of conductance to assimilation under natural, seasonally-developing, soil moisture stress is not sufficient to reproduce forest canopy CO2 and water fluxes. However, accurate predictions of both CO2 and water fluxes under all soil moisture levels encountered in the field are obtained if photosynthetic capacity is assumed to vary with soil moisture. This new parameterisation has important consequences for simulated responses of carbon and water fluxes to seasonal soil moisture stress, and should greatly improve our ability to anticipate future impacts of climate changes on the functioning of ecosystems in Mediterranean-type climates.

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