potential evapotranspiration
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MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-150
Author(s):  
VIKRAM KUMAR ◽  
SHAKTI BALA ◽  
BHAR TESH

Planning of water resources and its management with the ambiguity and non-uniformity accompanying with precipitation and other meteorological physical characteristics may perhaps effect on agricultural production in Bihar where the farmers mostly depend on precipitation. The precipitation and potential evapotranspiration temporal distribution of the state is irregular due to geomorphology, climatic and other anthropogenic factors of the state. In the present study, attempt is taken to expose the best-fit probability distribution among the various available probability distribution of annual average precipitation and potential evapotranspiration based on 102 year of past records of all 37 districts of the state. On the basis of ranks of goodness of fit tests such as Kolmogorov Smirnov, Anderson Darling and Chi-Squared, the normal distribution was observed the best-fit probability distribution for 11 districts followed by Weibull (3P) for 9 districts, the Beta distribution for 5 districts and other distribution for rest districts for precipitation. Whereas Cauchy distribution was come out with the best-fit probability distribution for potential evapotranspiration for all districts and the second best was Gamma (3P) covering almost 60% of the total districts followed by General Extreme Value distribution (32%). The results can be used in future hydraulic design, hydrological study for estimation of return period and water resource planners for policy development.  


PeerJ ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. e12804
Author(s):  
Yuanhe Yu ◽  
Xingqi Sun ◽  
Jinliang Wang ◽  
Jianpeng Zhang

Water yield is an ecosystem service that is vital to not only human life, but also sustainable development of the social economy and ecosystem. This study used annual average precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, plant available water content, soil depth, biophysical parameters, Zhang parameter, and land use/land cover (LULC) as input data for the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Service Tradeoffs (InVEST) model to estimate the water yield of Shangri-La City from 1974 to 2015. The spatiotemporal variations and associated factors (precipitation, evapotranspiration, LULC, and topographic factors) in water yield ecosystem services were then analyzed. The result showed that: (1) The water yield of Shangri-La City decreases from north and south to the center and showed a temporal trend from 1974 to 2015 of an initial decrease followed by an increase. Areas of higher average water yield were mainly in Hutiaoxia Town, Jinjiang Town, and Shangjiang Township. (2) Areas of importance for water yield in the study area which need to be assigned priority protection were mainly concentrated in the west of Jiantang Town, in central Xiaozhongdian Town, in central Gezan Township, in northwestern Dongwang Township, and in Hutiaoxia Town. (3) Water yield was affected by precipitation, evapotranspiration, vegetation type, and topographic factors. Water yield was positively and negatively correlated with precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, respectively. The average water yield of shrubs exceeded that of meadows and forests. Terrain factors indirectly affected the ecosystem service functions of water yield by affecting precipitation and vegetation types. The model used in this study can provide references for relevant research in similar climatic conditions.


MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-470
Author(s):  
A. KASHYAPI

Rainfall, its distribution along with distribution of temperature. relative humidity (RH), bright sunshine hours (SSH) suggest the possible growing season and crop performance in a given area.  Field experiments on five economically feasible, sustainable, rainfed crop sequences viz. fallow (i.e. no crop) – rice-lentil,  jute-rice-lentil, direct seeded rice-rice-lentil, mungbean-rice-lentil and sesame-rice-lentil were conducted at Kalyani Farm, W.B., during 1989-91.  Mean monthly meteorological parameters viz. rainfall, potential evapotranspiration (PET), SSH, temperature (max. and min.) and RH (at 0700 and 1400 hrs LMT) were obtained from selected agrometeorological observatories (viz.  Chinsurah,  Haringhata and Barrackpore), adjacent to the Kalyani Farm located in Gangetic alluvial region.  The relative yield performance of crops and sequences as influenced by meteorological parameters were studied.  In Gangetic alluvial region early rain, moderate to high temperature with high RH during April/May resulted in good pre-kharif crop establishment.  Heavy, well distributed precipitation during monsoon months along with moderate temperature and very high RH showed scope for rainfed transplanted kharif rice as the pivot of crop rotation.  Kharif rice yields were high especially after jute or mungbean.  Profile stored residual moisture along with low rainfall, low temperature and high RH during rabi season resulted in good performance of lentil.  Among the five sequences studied, performance of' jute-rice-lentil and mungbean-rice-lentil were the best with sustainable production and net return.


MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
S. SENGUPTA ◽  
H. P. DAS ◽  
A. A. KALE

In the present study, evapotranspiration and other agrometeorological data for three different locations, viz., Akola. Bellary and Kovilpatti have been utilized to understand consumptive use and related aspects of cotton. Ratios of evapotranspiration to potential evapotranspiration (ET/PET) and evapotranspiration to total shortwave radiation (ET/Rs) increase gradually as the vegetative cover develops and shows year to year variation at same location. The energy summation indices have been worked out for all the three stations which indicate that the total yields are more dependent on consumptive water use by crop rather than energy summation indices.. The water use efficiency (WUE) of cotton crop also reveals wide variations in time and space.


MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
P. G. THORAT

A study was conducted on the behaviour of evaporation, evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration in different phenological phases, during the years 1989, 1990 and 1991 for Kharif Maize crop at Anand (Gujarat).  It has been noticed that evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration attained maximum values in grain phase.  In harvesting phase relative evapotranspiration and crop coefficient had lowest values.  The seasonal crop coefficient was obtained 0.84. An attempt has been made in this paper to develop the regression models to estimate potential evapotranspiration and relative evapotranspiration.


2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 675
Author(s):  
Jacques Carvalho Ribeiro Filho ◽  
Eunice Maia de Andrade ◽  
Maria Simas Guerreiro ◽  
Helba Araujo de Queiroz Palácio ◽  
José Bandeira Brasil

The nonlinear dynamics of the determining factors of the morphometric characteristics of cracks in expansive soils make their typification a challenge, especially under field conditions. To overcome this difficulty, we used artificial neural networks to estimate crack characteristics in a Vertisol under field conditions. From July 2019 to June 2020, the morphometric characteristics of soil cracks (area, depth and volume), and environmental factors (soil moisture, rainfall, potential evapotranspiration and water balance) were monitored and evaluated in six experimental plots in a tropical semiarid region. Sixty-six events were measured in each plot to calibrate and validate two sets of inputs in the multilayer neural network model. One set was comprised of environmental factors with significant correlations with the morphometric characteristics of cracks in the soil. The other included only those with a significant high and very high correlation, reducing the number of variables by 35%. The set with the significant high and very high correlations showed greater accuracy in predicting crack characteristics, implying that it is preferable to have fewer variables with a higher correlation than to have more variables of lower correlation in the model. Both sets of data showed a good performance in predicting area and depth of cracks in the soils with a clay content above 30%. The highest dispersion of modeled over predicted values for all morphometric characteristics was in soils with a sand content above 40%. The model was successful in evaluating crack characteristics from environmental factors within its limitations and may support decisions on watershed management in view of climate-change scenarios.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxian Guo ◽  
Haotong Zhou ◽  
Xuyang Jiao ◽  
Yongwei Zhu ◽  
Hongxiang Wang

Abstract The construction of water conservancy projects has changed the hydrological situation of rivers and has an essential impact on the river ecosystem. The influence modes of different factors on runoff alteration are discussed to improve the development and utilization of water resources and promote ecological benefits. The ecological, hydrological index change range method (IHA-RVA) and hydrological alteration degree method were comprehensively used to evaluate Min River's hydrological situation. Based on six budyko hypothesis formulas, the contribution rates of climate change and human activities to runoff change are quantitatively analyzed. The study showed that the runoff of Min River basin showed a significant decreasing trend from 1960 to 2019 and a sudden alteration around 1993; The overall alteration in runoff conditions was 45% moderate, and the overall alteration in precipitation was 37% moderate; Precipitation and potential evapotranspiration also showed a decreasing trend within the same period, but the overall trend was not significant; The contribution of climate alteration to runoff alteration is 30.2%, and the contribution of human activities to runoff alteration is 69.8%, human activities are the dominant factor affecting the alteration of runoff situation in Min River basin.


2022 ◽  
Vol 961 (1) ◽  
pp. 012040
Author(s):  
H H Mahdi ◽  
T A Musa ◽  
Z A A Al-Rammahi ◽  
E J Mahmood

Abstract Drought is a natural disaster associated with a shortage of water availability for specified region within a specific time period. The impacts of drought are significant and extend to damage many important life aspects such as environmental, economic, and social activities. The forecasting of the drought events is an essential element for planning this disaster, reducing its effectiveness and response. The three characteristic frequency, intensity, and time period are the key parts for forecasting and assessment of droughts. Here, two drought indices (The Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), standardized precipitation index (SPI)) were used for forecasting of the future drought within Al Najaf city, Iraq. Thirty years meteorological data (average monthly precipitation and temperature) were used for the period (2021–2050) downloaded from the site of the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) for five grid points to cover overall study area. The computation of these indices conducted at a 12-month time scale and included the calculation of potential evapotranspiration by Thorthwaite method. The temporal drought intensity as well as drought frequency configurations were calculated and analyzed for each drought index. The results showed that the general average drought level expected will mildly dry while the maximum drought level expected will extremely dry. The more severe seasons of drought were forecasted in the years 2038, 2034 and 2021, respectively. Also, the prevailing event will be a one year drought and the maximum drought interval occurred within the study period will four consecutive years, with a 3.33% exceedance probability.


MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-264
Author(s):  
H. P. DAS ◽  
A. N. KALE ◽  
A. S. PONKSHE

Based on weekly data for 4 years (1986-1989) at Bellary, soil moisture balance for rabi sorghum has been worked out for both irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. These soil moisture values have been used to identify periods of water stress which the crop experienced. during the growth cycle. The extent of yield reduction due to the stress was then evaluated from the actual soil water content and total available water extent and discussed. The ratio of evapotranspiration to potential evapotranspiration and water requirement of the crop has also been worked out to assess the stress situation of the crop during its growing period. This ratio has been found to be related to moisture availability at the root zone.


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