scholarly journals Sensors for Positron Emission Tomography Applications

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (22) ◽  
pp. 5019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang ◽  
Chalich ◽  
Deen
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Operating Voltage ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Czt Detectors

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is an essential tool in clinical applications for the diagnosis of diseases due to its ability to acquire functional images to help differentiate between metabolic and biological activities at the molecular level. One key limiting factor in the development of efficient and accurate PET systems is the sensor technology in the PET detector. There are generally four types of sensor technologies employed: photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), avalanche photodiodes (APDs), silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), and cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors. PMTs were widely used for PET applications in the early days due to their excellent performance metrics of high gain, low noise, and fast timing. However, the fragility and bulkiness of the PMT glass tubes, high operating voltage, and sensitivity to magnetic fields ultimately limit this technology for future cost-effective and multi-modal systems. As a result, solid-state photodetectors like the APD, SiPM, and CZT detectors, and their applications for PET systems, have attracted lots of research interest, especially owing to the continual advancements in the semiconductor fabrication process. In this review, we study and discuss the operating principles, key performance parameters, and PET applications for each type of sensor technology with an emphasis on SiPM and CZT detectors—the two most promising types of sensors for future PET systems. We also present the sensor technologies used in commercially available state-of-the-art PET systems. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of these four types of sensors are compared and the research challenges of SiPM and CZT detectors are discussed and summarized.

Evaluation of a Digital Brain Positron Emission Tomography Scanner Based on the Plug&Imaging Sensor Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola D'Ascenzo ◽  
Emanuele Antonecchia ◽  
Min Gao ◽  
Xiangsong Zhang ◽  
Gerhard Baumgartner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Positron Emission Tomography Scanner ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Imaging Sensor ◽  
Brain Positron Emission Tomography

scholarly journals Bolus Injection versus Slow Infusion of [15O]Water for Positron Emission Tomography Activation Studies

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 843-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori L. Beason-Held ◽  
Richard E. Desmond ◽  
Peter Herscovitch ◽  
Richard E. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Water Activation ◽  
Slow Infusion ◽  
Infusion Method ◽  
Infusion Schedule

In positron emission tomography studies using bolus injection of [15O]water, activation responses reflect underlying CBF changes during a short time (15 to 20 seconds) after arrival of the bolus in the brain. This CBF sensitivity window may be too short for complex activation paradigms, however, particularly those of longer duration. To perform such paradigms, we used a slow infusion method of tracer administration to lengthen the CBF sensitivity window. The present study was designed to determine if this slow infusion technique yields similar results to a bolus injection with a short activation task involving memory for faces. When analyzed using statistical parametric mapping, scanning durations of either 90 or 120 seconds and a 90-second slow infusion schedule produced very similar results to a standard 60-second scan collected after bolus injection, indicating that statistically similar brain activation maps can be produced with the two infusion techniques. This slow infusion approach allows for increased flexibility in designing future studies in which a short CBF sensitivity window is a limiting factor.

scholarly journals Model Dependency and Estimation Reliability in Measurement of Cerebral Oxygen Utilization Rate with Oxygen-15 and Dynamic Positron Emission Tomography

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Cheng Huang ◽  
DaGan Feng ◽  
Michael E. Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Oxygen Extraction Fraction ◽  
Vascular Volume ◽  
Dynamic Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Extraction Fraction ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Model Configuration

The use of oxygen-15 and dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) for the measurement of CMRO was investigated in terms of the achievable accuracy of CMRO and its sensitivity to model configuration assumed in the estimation. Three models of different descriptions for the vascular radioactivity in tissue were examined by computer simulation. By simulating the tracer kinetics with one model and curve fitting them with another, it was found that the CMRO measurement was very sensitive to the model configuration used and it needed kinetic data of low noise level to determine the correct model to use. The approach of sensitivity functions and covariance matrices was used to examine the estimation reliability and error propagation of the model parameters. It was found that for all three model configurations examined the reliability of the CMRO estimate was dependent on the blood flow and oxygen extraction fraction in tissue (∼2% in tissues of high blood flow and normal extraction and 10% in tissues of low blood flow and low extraction fraction, in a study of 1 × 106 counts/brain slice in 3 min). The estimation reliability is drastically decreased if the total data collection time is reduced to 1 min but is not critically sensitive to the scan sampling interval used. Estimating blood flow or vascular volume simultaneously with CMRO will reduce the reliability of the CMRO estimate by ∼50%. Propagation of parameter error from blood flow or vascular volume to CMRO is dependent on the model configuration as well as the scanning schedule and estimation procedure used. Results from the study provide useful information for improving the study procedure of CMRO measurements. The present study also illustrates a general representation of PET measurements and an approach that can be applied to other tracer techniques in PET for selecting appropriate model configurations and for designing proper experimental procedures.

The First Positron Emission Tomography Study of the Brain of Patients with Glaucoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Ilmira Gazizova
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
18F Fdg ◽  
The Brain

Aim: To determine the location and pattern of changes in the rate of glucose metabolism in brain structures according to positron emission tomography (PET) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: Nine patients with initial, developed and advanced stages of glaucoma were examined. The control group consisted of patients of a similar age group without signs of glaucoma. The PET study was performed on an Optima 560 PET / CT scanner. 30-40 minutes before the start of the scan, the patient was given an intravenous radiopharmaceutical (RP) using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG). During the accumulation of the radiopharmaceutical, the patient was in a room with dim light, with a low noise level and minimal motor activity. Results: When conducting PET with 18F-FDG, a change in the rate of glucose metabolism (RGM) was recorded in the form of a decrease in RGM in the upper parietal lobe, lower parietal lobe and precuneus (the inner part of the parietal cortex), as well as an increase in RGM of the prefrontal cortex, sensorimotor cortex. Signs of a change in RGM in the posterior region of the lumbar cortex, in the nuclei of the caudate nuclei and in the optic thalamus were also revealed. Similar data on changes in the rate of glucose metabolism in brain neurons that we recorded in patients with POAG are usually recorded in patients with other neurodegenerative diseases. Findings: Undoubtedly, the revealed changes in the rate of glucose metabolism in the neurons of the brain of patients with POAG indicate the affinity of this nosology with other neurodegenerative diseases and reveal the basis of disorders (visual, cognitive, autonomic) associated with changes in the central nervous system in patients with POAG. Research in this direction needs to be continued.

Ultra-high sensitivity detection of bimodal probes at ultra-low noise for combined fluorescence and positron emission tomography imaging

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Réjean Lebel ◽  
Nikta Zarifyussefian ◽  
Mathieu Letendre-Jauniaux ◽  
Olivier Daigle ◽  
Elena Ranyuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Tomography Imaging ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Ultra Low Noise ◽  
High Sensitivity Detection ◽  
Sensitivity Detection

Low noise and low power switched biased CSA with clocked reset and minimal PVT variation for APD based positron emission tomography

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-504
Author(s):  
Ananda Sankar Chakraborty ◽  
Sabir Ali Mondal ◽  
Hafizur Rahaman
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pvt Variation

scholarly journals Syntheses and biological activities of novel 2-methoxyestradiol analogs, 2-fluoroethoxyestradiol and 2-fluoropropanoxyestradiol, and a radiosynthesis of 2-[18F]fluoroethoxyestradiol for positron emission tomography

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyoung Mun ◽  
Yuefang Wang ◽  
Ronald J. Voll ◽  
Daniel Escuin-Borras ◽  
Paraskevi Giannakakou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission
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