scholarly journals Evaluating Distribution Costs and CO2-Emissions of a Two-Stage Distribution System with Cargo Bikes: A Case Study in the City of Innsbruck

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13974
Author(s):  
Anne Büttgen ◽  
Belma Turan ◽  
Vera Hemmelmayr
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Distribution Costs ◽  
Stage Distribution ◽  
Main Station ◽  
The City

During the last years, e-commerce has grown rapidly. As a result, the number of parcel deliveries in urban areas is increasing, which affects the inner-city traffic and leads to congestion and air pollution, thereby decreasing the quality of life in cities. City administrators and logistic service providers have been working on the optimization of parcel distribution in order to alleviate congestion and reduce the negative impact on the environment. One of the solutions for environmentally friendly parcel distribution are two-stage distribution systems with city hubs. City hubs are facilities located close to the delivery area which are used as an enabling infrastructure to store and consolidate the parcels. For the last mile delivery from the city hub to final customers, zero emission vehicles, such as cargo bikes, can be used. Many studies have been conducted on this topic in recent years. This paper contributes to this research area by evaluating the implementation of such a two-stage distribution system with a city hub and cargo bikes in Innsbruck, Austria. The goal is to determine the best location for a city hub and the composition of the delivery fleet by minimizing the total distribution and CO2-emission cost. E-vans are used for the first and cargo bikes for the second stage of the parcel delivery. The problem is modeled as a vehicle routing problem with multiple trips and is solved in ArcGIS Pro, using the built-in routing solver. The analysis shows that all hub candidates provide comparably good results, with one potential station, the main station, showing the highest improvement compared to the basic system, with delivery by conventional vans. Savings in distribution costs of up to 30% can be achieved. Furthermore, by taking into account both indirect and direct emissions with a well-to-wheel approach, CO2-emissions can be reduced by 96%.

Analysis and substantiation of two-stage distribution system parameters for hydraulic hammers

2019 ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
A. A. Mitusov ◽  
◽  
K. B. Kyzyrov ◽  
O. S. Reshetnikova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
System Parameters ◽  
Stage Distribution

scholarly journals New Media in Film Distribution in Bangladesh: Bane or Boon?

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-280
Author(s):  
Saiyeed Shahjada Al Kareem
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Video On Demand ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Distribution Costs ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Film Distribution ◽  
Depth Interviews

The research explores the little-understood phenomena of new media based film distribution system in Bangladesh, finds the consequences of new media in film distribution, and makes a recommendation for developing an effective film distribution system. This research employs a qualitative approach where in-depth interviews of people involved in traditional and online film distribution systems are taken to collect data. The study finds that new media based film distribution is an emerging sector in Bangladesh, and it will strengthen the overall distribution system by reducing the distribution costs and increasing revenue. Keywords: new media, internet, online, film distribution, video on demand

scholarly journals Food products distribution systems redesign in the food corporation acquisition and fusion conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 223-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Gros ◽  
J. Dyntar ◽  
S. Grosová
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Channel Structure ◽  
New Mineral ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Distribution Costs ◽  
The Cost

The distribution channel structure significantly affects the distribution costs, and in the food industry the distribution costs have very often an important share on the total products cost. In the food industry, merger & acquisition conditions in the Czech Republic are the expected synergic effects. One of them is the cost saving following up from the redesign of the distribution system. On the case of a real project of the new mineral waters distribution system, the authors demonstrate their methodology and methods for the distribution system redesign, which integrates together the problem of the distribution object location with the distribution strategy choice and transport system design.

scholarly journals Assessment of Corrosion and Scale forming Potential of Groundwater Resources: Case Study of Dire Dawa City, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-133
Author(s):  
Girmaye Haile Gebremikael ◽  
Aman Hussien Dawod
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Calibration Plot ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Dire Dawa ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City

Almost 100% of the water supply of Dire Dawa City is from groundwater (including boreholes, dug wells, and springs). Recently, groundwater cause corrosion and scale problems to water distribution systems due to its content of dissolved ions that can cause public health and economic issues. The present paper investigates the corrosion and scale-forming potential of the groundwater in the city and visualizes it with mapping. Spectrophotometer, EDTA/Acid titration with calculation methods were used for water quality parameters analysis. GW Chart Calibration plot applied for the Piper diagram to categorizes the water types. Langelier saturation (LSI), Ryznar (RSI), aggressive (AI), Puckorius Scale (PSI), and Larson-Skold (LRI) indices were manipulated with Excel ® and visualized their spatial distribution using ArcGIS 10®. The mean values of LSI, RSI, PSI, AI, and LRI obtained were 0.29 ± 0.28, 6.4 ± 0.5, 5.10 ± 0.48, 12.20 ± 0.24, and 1.4±1.57 respectively. LSI and RSI results indicate moderate to low scale-forming tendency of groundwater in most parts except the northeastern part with corrosive groundwater. Based on the AI value, the groundwater ranges low corrosion in almost all zones except the edge of the northeast and northwest region. PSI indicated the water tends to form salt-scale at a medium rate. The LSI results showed that chloride and sulphate are unlikely to interfere with the formation of protecting film except in northwestern and northeastern regions where localized corrosion might occur. In conclusion, in almost all distribution system of the city is affected by calcium carbonate scale formation. The groundwater in the northwest and northeast resulted in localized corrosion because of relatively high contents of chlorides and sulphates.

scholarly journals Estimating the Economic Level of Water Losses (ELWL) in the Water Distribution System of the City of Malang, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6604
Author(s):  
Tri Heryanto ◽  
Saroj K. Sharma ◽  
D. Daniel ◽  
Maria Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
The City

All of the possible strategies to reduce water losses in piped distribution systems follow the law of diminishing returns: the higher the expenditure on water loss reduction, the lower the progressive return in terms of water saved. Therefore, water utilities need to estimate the economic level of water losses (ELWL) so that they can reduce their water loss to the level where the cost to reduce the water losses is equal to the value of the water saved. This paper aims to estimate the ELWL using four different methods: the total cost method, the marginal cost method, the cumulative cost–benefit method, and the component-based methods. This analysis is based on data (2011–2016) on the water utilities of the city of Malang (PDAM Kota Malang), Indonesia. It was found that the total cost and marginal cost methods gave almost similar results for ELWL. However, the total cost method is preferred to calculate ELWL because it is the most accurate, easier to apply, and does not need a long data series. In addition, the estimated ELWL for PDAM Kota Malang was 21.76%, which is 3.71% higher than the water loss level estimated in 2016, which means that their strategies to reduce water loss are not cost-efficient. Moreover, the lack of data is a major challenge in the estimation of ELWL in Indonesia. This study emphasizes the importance of estimating the ELWL so that water utilities, especially in Indonesia, can evaluate their strategies in reducing water loss and improving their cost-effectiveness.

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