scholarly journals Effect of Landscape Elements on the Symmetry and Variance of the Spatial Distribution of Individual Birds within Foraging Flocks of Geese

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bech-Hansen ◽  
Kallehauge ◽  
Bruhn ◽  
Castenschiold ◽  
Gehrlein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Landscape Elements ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Stress Levels ◽  
Stress Asymmetry ◽  
Instability Indices ◽  
Predator Behaviour

Behavioural instability is a newly coined term used for measuring asymmetry of bilateral behavioural traits as indicators of genetic or environmental stress. However, this concept might also be useful for other types of data than bilateral traits. In this study, behavioural instability indices of expected behaviour were evaluated as an indicator for environmental stress through the application of aerial photos of foraging flocks of geese. It was presumed that geese would increase anti-predator behaviour through the dilution effect when foraging near the following landscape elements: wind turbines, hedgerows, and roads. On this presumption, it was hypothesized that behavioural instability of spatial distribution in flocks of geese could be used as indicators of environmental stress. Asymmetry in spatial distribution was measured for difference in flock density across various distances to disturbing landscape elements through the following indices; behavioural instability of symmetry and behavioural instability of variance. The behavioural instability indices showed clear tendencies for changes in flock density and variance of flock density for geese foraging near wind turbines, hedgerows, and roads indicating increasing environmental stress levels. Thus, behavioural instability has proven to be a useful tool for monitoring environmental stress that does not need bilateral traits to estimate instability but can be applied for indices of expected behaviour.

scholarly journals Applied Mathematics on Wind Turbines’ Behavior and Rightsizing Spatial Distribution

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Valeria-Alina ANDRONESCU ◽  
Elena-Corina CIPU
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Applied Mathematics ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Heated Debate

Taking into account the recent interest in producing green energy through wind turbines, this paper aims to reconsider other options regarding different distributions in order to increase the production efficiency. Also, this paper analyses the hypothesis of Romania using only wind turbines to provide the energy needed to sustain the system, which at first may seem a bold idea, but pollution has become such a heated debate issue nowadays that it cannot be ignored anymore

scholarly journals Tropospheric moisture and its relation with rainfall due to nor’westers in Bangladesh

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
SAMARENDRA KARMAKAR ◽  
MD. MAHBUB ALAM
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Maximum Frequency ◽  
Maximum Rainfall ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Instability Indices

Attempts have been made to compute the precipitable water content of the troposphere, weighted average water vapour and to correlate these parameters with different instability indices and also with the next 24-hr rainfall, next 24-hr maximum rainfall and next 24-hr country averaged rainfall in order to predicting rainfall due to nor’westers in Bangladesh. It has been found that the maximum number of nor’westers occur when the precipitable water is 25-45 mm hr-1 between 1000 and 500 hPa, the maximum frequency being 48 in the range of 35-45 mm hr-1. The spatial distribution of precipitable water indicates that the maximum precipitable water is concentrated over the area near the places of nor’westers. The specific humidity has been found to increase on the dates of occurrence of nor’westers in Bangladesh on most occasions. Maximum number of nor’westers occurs when the weighted average specific humidity between the surface (1000 hPa) and 500 hPa is 8-12 g kg-1, the maximum frequency being 43 in the range of 8-10 g kg-1. The study reveals that nor’westers have been found to occur near or at the eastern end of maximum weighted average specific humidity. It has also been found that nor’westers occur near the point of inter-section of the axes of moist and dry zones. A number of parameters of the troposphere over Dhaka at 0000 UTC on the dates of occurrence of nor’westers such as precipitable water (mm/hr), MSWI, SWI, SWI/TT, (q1000 – q850) weighted averaged specific humidity have statistically significant correlations with next 24-hour rainfall at Dhaka, next 24-hour maximum rainfall in Bangladesh and country averaged rainfall. The correlation co-efficients are relatively small and the standard errors of estimates are higher. The small correlation co-efficients are significant because of the large number of data.

scholarly journals Structure Analysis of Hedgerows With Respect to Perennial Landscape Lines in Two Contrasting French Agricultural Landscapes

2019 ◽  
pp. 1278-1299
Author(s):  
Sébastien Da Silva ◽  
Florence Le Ber ◽  
Claire Lavigne
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Landscape Heterogeneity ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Spatial Extent ◽  
Association Patterns ◽  
Landscape Elements ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Linear Landscape Elements

Characterizing the spatial distribution of hedgerows over landscapes is important for understanding the effects of this distribution on the dynamics of plant and animal populations. Because hedgerows are planted or managed, the authors hypothesized that their distribution depends on the presence of other linear landscape elements, namely, roads and channels. Using proximity analyses, the authors thus assessed how the spatial distribution of hedgerows was impacted by the position of these linear landscape elements and the spatial extent of this impact for two contrasting agricultural landscapes. The results indicate that hedgerows were generally associated at short distances with other elements (100-150 m). Hedgerows had different association patterns depending on their orientation in one of the two landscapes. In that same landscape, within-landscape heterogeneity was related to different association patterns. These results indicate that models of the spatial distribution of hedgerows would gain from being based on the location of roads and channels in the studied landscape.

Study on the Landscape Pattern of Dalian Jinshitan National Holiday Resort in the Context of Tourism Urbanization

2017 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750018
Author(s):  
Ruiying ZHANG ◽  
Jianchao XI ◽  
Nan ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Landscape Elements ◽  
Commercial Housing ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Tourism Urbanization ◽  
Housing Estates ◽  
Important Form

Resort-based urbanization is an important form of tourism urbanization. The paper analyzes the basic characteristics and diversity of landscape elements under the influence of the tourist development of Jinshitan National Holiday Resort (JNHR), discusses the changes in the spatial distribution of landscapes, and reveals how landscapes have changed under the influence of the tourism development of JNHR. The study shows that the whole landscape at Jinshitan has undergone a process from fragmentation to integration in the context of manmade tourism development and interference. As more tourism projects are developed, supporting infrastructures and facilities are continuously improved. Landscapes in Jinshitan have been vigorously developed in depth and extended from coastal area to inland area. As shown by the changing spatial distribution of relocated and commercial housing estates since 1992, there have been differences in the location, living environment and available landscapes between the housing estates, indicating the heterogeneity of social space and inequality in the living environment.

Effects of wind turbines on spatial distribution of the European hamster

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 433-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Łopucki ◽  
Kajetan Perzanowski
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Wind Turbines

scholarly journals Structure Analysis of Hedgerows with Respect to Perennial Landscape Lines in Two Contrasting French Agricultural Landscapes

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37
Author(s):  
Sébastien Da Silva ◽  
Florence Le Ber ◽  
Claire Lavigne
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Landscape Heterogeneity ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Spatial Extent ◽  
Association Patterns ◽  
Landscape Elements ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Linear Landscape Elements

Characterizing the spatial distribution of hedgerows over landscapes is important for understanding the effects of this distribution on the dynamics of plant and animal populations. Because hedgerows are planted or managed, the authors hypothesized that their distribution depends on the presence of other linear landscape elements, namely, roads and channels. Using proximity analyses, the authors thus assessed how the spatial distribution of hedgerows was impacted by the position of these linear landscape elements and the spatial extent of this impact for two contrasting agricultural landscapes. The results indicate that hedgerows were generally associated at short distances with other elements (100-150 m). Hedgerows had different association patterns depending on their orientation in one of the two landscapes. In that same landscape, within-landscape heterogeneity was related to different association patterns. These results indicate that models of the spatial distribution of hedgerows would gain from being based on the location of roads and channels in the studied landscape.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Wind Turbines, Photovoltaic Field Systems, Bioenergy, and River Hydro Power Plants in Germany

Data ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Eichhorn ◽  
Mattes Scheftelowitz ◽  
Matthias Reichmuth ◽  
Christian Lorenz ◽  
Kyriakos Louca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Field Systems ◽  
Hydro Power Plants ◽  
Installed Capacity

The expansion of renewable energy technologies, accompanied by an increasingly decentralized supply structure, raises many research questions regarding the structure, dimension, and impacts of the electricity supply network. In this context, information on renewable energy plants, particularly their spatial distribution and key parameters—e.g., installed capacity, total size, and required space—are more and more important for public decision makers and different scientific domains, such as energy system analysis and impact assessment. The dataset described in this paper covers the spatial distribution, installed capacity, and commissioning year of wind turbines, photovoltaic field systems, and bio- and river hydro power plants in Germany. Collected from different online sources and authorities, the data have been thoroughly cross-checked, cleaned, and merged to generate validated and complete datasets. The paper concludes with notes on the practical use of the dataset in an environmental impact monitoring framework and other potential research or policy settings.

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