scholarly journals Antiparasitic Properties of Cantharidin and the Blister Beetle Berberomeloe majalis (Coleoptera: Meloidae)

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitman ◽  
Andrés ◽  
Martínez-Díaz ◽  
Ibáñez-Escribano ◽  
Olmeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defense ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Otis Tarda ◽  
Blister Beetle

Cantharidin (CTD) is a toxic monoterpene produced by blister beetles (Fam. Meloidae) as a chemical defense against predators. Although CTD is highly poisonous to many predator species, some have evolved the ability to feed on poisonous Meloidae, or otherwise beneficially use blister beetles. Great Bustards, Otis tarda, eat CTD-containing Berberomeloe majalis blister beetles, and it has been hypothesized that beetle consumption by these birds reduces parasite load (a case of self-medication). We examined this hypothesis by testing diverse organisms against CTD and extracts of B. majalis hemolymph and bodies. Our results show that all three preparations (CTD and extracts of B. majalis) were toxic to a protozoan (Trichomonas vaginalis), a nematode (Meloidogyne javanica), two insects (Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum padi) and a tick (Hyalomma lusitanicum). This not only supports the anti-parasitic hypothesis for beetle consumption, but suggests potential new roles for CTD, under certain conditions.

scholarly journals Behavioural evidence for self-medication in bumblebees?

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Baracchi ◽  
Mark J. F. Brown ◽  
Lars Chittka
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Crithidia Bombi ◽  
Nicotine Consumption ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
Behavioural Tests ◽  
Behavioural Evidence

The presence of antimicrobial secondary metabolites in nectar suggests that pollinators, which are threatened globally by emergent disease, may benefit from the consumption of nectars rich in these metabolites. We tested whether nicotine, a nectar secondary metabolite common in Solanaceae and Tilia species, is used by parasitized bumblebees as a source of self-medication, using a series of toxicological, microbiological and behavioural experiments. Caged bees infected with Crithidia bombi had a slight preference for sucrose solution laced with the alkaloid and behavioural tests showed that the parasite infection induced an increased consumption of nicotine during foraging activity, though nicotine had an appetite-reducing effect overall. When ingested, nicotine delayed the progression of a gut infection in bumblebees by a few days, but dietary nicotine did not clear the infection, and after 10 days the parasite load approached that of control bees. Moreover, when pathogens were exposed to the alkaloid prior to host ingestion, the protozoan’s viability was not directly affected, suggesting that anti-parasite effects were relatively weak. Nicotine consumption in a single dose did not impose any cost even in starved bees but the alkaloid had detrimental effects on healthy bees if consistently consumed for weeks. These toxic effects disappeared in infected bees, suggesting that detoxification costs might have been counterbalanced by the advantages in slowing the progression of the infection. Nicotine consumption did not affect bee lifespan but the reduction in the parasite load may have other likely unexplored subtle benefits both for individual bees and their colony.  Potential evidence for self-medication is discussed. The contention that secondary metabolites in nectar may be under selection from pollinators, or used by plants to enhance their own reproductive success, remains to be confirmed.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Artemisia pedemontana subsp. assoana Essential Oils and Hydrolate

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sainz ◽  
Andrés ◽  
Martínez-Díaz ◽  
Bailén ◽  
Navarro-Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Spodoptera Littoralis ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Cultivation Method ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Antiparasitic Agents

Given the importance of the genus Artemisia as a source of valuable natural products, the rare plant Artemisia pedemontana subspecies assoana, endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, has been experimentally cultivated in the greenhouse and aeroponically, to produce biomass for essential oil (EO) extraction. The chemical composition of the EOs was analyzed, and their plant protection (insects: Spodoptera littoralis, Rhopalosiphum padi, and Myzus persicae; plants: Lactuca sativa and Lolium perenne; fungi: Aspergillus niger; and nematode: Meloidogyne javanica) and antiparasitic (Trypanosoma cruzi, Phytomonas davidi, and antiplasmodial by the ferriprotoporphyrin biocrystallization inhibition test) properties were studied, in addition to the hydrolate by-product. The EOs showed a 1,8-cineole and camphor profile, with quantitative and qualitative chemical differences between the cultivation methods. These oils had moderate insect antifeedant, antifungal, and phytotoxic effects; were trypanocidel; and exhibited moderate phytomonacidal effects, while the hydrolate showed a strong nematicidal activity. Both EOs were similarly antifeedant; the EO from the greenhouse plants (flowering stage) was more biocidal (antifungal, nematicidal, and phytotoxic) than the EO from the aeroponic plants (growing stage), which was more antiparasitic. The major components of the oils (1,8-cineole and camphor), or their 1:1 combination, did not explain any of these effects. We can conclude that these EOs have potential applications as insect antifeedants, and as antifungal or antiparasitic agents, depending on the cultivation method, and that the hydrolate byproduct is a potent nematicidal.

scholarly journals Weak and contradictory effects of self-medication with nectar nicotine by parasitized bumblebees

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Baracchi ◽  
Mark J. F. Brown ◽  
Lars Chittka
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Crithidia Bombi ◽  
Nicotine Consumption ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
Behavioural Tests

The presence of antimicrobial secondary metabolites in nectar suggests that pollinators, which are threatened globally by emergent disease, may benefit from the consumption of nectars rich in these metabolites. We tested whether nicotine, a nectar secondary metabolite common in Solenaceae and Tilia species, is used by parasitized bumblebees as a source of self-medication, using a series of toxicological, microbiological and behavioural experiments. Caged bees infected with Crithidia bombi [TI1] had a slight preference for sucrose solution laced with the alkaloid and behavioural tests showed that the parasite infection induced an increased consumption of nicotine during foraging activity. When ingested, nicotine delayed the progression of a gut infection in bumblebees by a few days, but dietary nicotine did not clear the infection, and after 10 days the parasite load approached that of control bees. Moreover, when pathogens were exposed to the alkaloid prior to host ingestion the protozoan’s viability was not directly affected, suggesting that anti-parasite effects were relatively weak. Nicotine consumption in a single dose did not impose any cost even in food-stressed bees (starved) but the alkaloid had detrimental effects on healthy bees if consistently consumed for weeks. These toxic effects disappeared in infected bees suggesting that detoxification costs might have been counterbalanced by the advantages in slowing the progression of the infection. Nonetheless we did not find a benefit of nicotine consumption in terms of life expectancy of infected bees, making these findings difficult to interpret. Our results indicate that caution is warranted in interpreting impacts of plant metabolites on insect parasites and suggest that the conditions under which nicotine consumption provides benefits to either bees or plants remain to be identified. The contention that secondary metabolites in nectar may be under selection from pollinators, or used by plants to enhance their own reproductive success, remains to be confirmed.

Bioactive Furanoeremophilanes from Senecio otites Kunze ex DC.

2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 837-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulce M. Domínguez ◽  
Matías Reina ◽  
Luis Villarroel ◽  
Victor Fajardo ◽  
Azucena González-Coloma
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Spodoptera Littoralis ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Spectral Analyses ◽  
Phytotoxic Effects

Abstract The furanoeremophilanes 6β-angeloyloxy-1, 10-dehydrofuranoeremophilan-9-one (1), 6β- hydroxy-1, 10-dehydrofuranoeremophilan-9-one (2) and 6β-propionyloxy-1, 10-dehydrofuranoeremophilan- 9-one (3) were isolated from Senecio otites, their structures elucidated by spectral analyses, and their insecticidal and phytotoxic properties evaluated. Compounds 1-3 proved to be effective aphid antifeedants against Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum padi and had postingestive negative effects on Spodoptera littoralis larvae. These compounds did not have any phytotoxic effects on Lactuca sativa.

scholarly journals Diversidade de afídeos na cultura do algodoeiro no município de Campo Verde (MT)

Bragantia ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Doniseti Michelotto ◽  
Antonio Carlos Busoli
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum L ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Maidis ◽  
Aphis Spiraecola ◽  
Aphis Gossypii Glover ◽  
Sipha Flava ◽  
Pentalonia Nigronervosa

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a diversidade de afídeos (Hemiptera: Aphididae) na cultura do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L.) no município de Campo Verde (MT). Os afídeos foram amostrados diretamente nas plantas e através de armadilhas tipo Moericke. As amostragens foram realizadas a cada dois dias, até 60 dias após a germinação das plantas. A espécie Aphis gossypii Glover prevaleceu nas amostragens realizadas sobre as plantas. Formas aladas, de ocorrência acidental na cultura, tais como Aphis spiraecola Patch e Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) também foram observadas. Com as armadilhas tipo Moericke foram capturados 2280 afídeos alados, pertencentes a 13 espécies: R. padi (52,6% do total), A. spiraecola (26,4%), A. gossypii (8,9%), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (5,3%), Geopemphigus floccosus (Moreira) (3,1%), Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas) (1,5%), Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki) (1,3%), Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (0,4%), Sipha flava (Forbes) (0,3%), Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, Tetraneura nigriabdominalis (Sasaki), Lizerius melanocallis (Quednau) e Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy) (0,1% cada uma). Nas amostragens diretamente sobre as plantas foram observados ápteros e alados de A. gossypii e alados de A. spiraecola e R. padi. Nas armadilhas tipo Moericke, as principais espécies capturadas foram R. padi, A. spiraecola, A. gossypii e R. maidis.

scholarly journals Chemical defense of toad tadpoles under risk by four predator species

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 6287-6299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bálint Üveges ◽  
Márk Szederkényi ◽  
Katharina Mahr ◽  
Ágnes M. Móricz ◽  
Dániel Krüzselyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defense ◽  
Predator Species

scholarly journals Plantas refugio: su rol en el control biológico de Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) en el cultivo de duraznero Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Rosaceae) en Junín, Mendoza, Argentina

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
María Emilia Mazzitelli
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Lysiphlebus Testaceipes ◽  
Aphidius Colemani ◽  
Aphis Gossypii Glover ◽  
Para Determinar

El control de Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) en la producción de duraznero, se lleva a cabo principalmente mediante el uso de insecticidas, cuyo uso indiscriminado puede causar diferentes efectos adversos en los agroecosistemas. Esta investigación presentó como objetivo principal: evaluar el empleo del sistema de Avena sativa-Rhopalosiphum padi-Aphidius colemani, como estrategia para el control biológico de M. persicae en el cultivo de P. persica por medio de la técnica de plantas refugio o banker plants. En una parcela comercial de duraznero en Junín (Prov. de Mendoza, Argentina), se realizaron muestreos para determinar las asociaciones planta-áfido-parasitoide en la vegetación aledaña al cultivo, en gramíneas del interfilar y en el monte frutal. En la vegetación aledaña, se relevaron 16 especies vegetales en las que se identificaron 13 especies de áfidos y siete especies de parasitoides primarios. El áfido dominante fue Aphis gossypii Glover mientras que Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) fue el parasitoide dominante. En relación a las gramíneas, se encontraron cinco especies de áfidos y seis de parasitoides primarios, Ropalosiphum maidis (Fitch) fue el áfido dominante y A. colemani el parasitoide dominante. En duraznero, la asociación M. persicae-A. colemani fue la más importante. Se evaluaron a campo tres estrategias de control: Insecticida (Imidacloprid 70% WP), Testigo y liberación de A. colemani a razón de 2 Momias/m2. El parasitoidismo natural aumentó mas del 30% en el segundo año de estudio registrando el testigo la mayor proporción de parasitoides secundarios. El tratamiento 2 Momias/m2 presentó, tasas superiores y un crecimiento más rápido del parasitoidismo de M. persicae respecto a los otros, revelando además valores similares al tratamiento con insecticida en relación al daño producido por M. persicae. La diversidad de parasitoides primarios medida por el Índice de Shannon-Wiener fue de 2,0452 para el tratamiento 2 Momias/m2, de 1,7824 para el Testigo y de 1,7201 para el Insecticida. El control biológico por medio del uso de plantas refugio se considera una alternativa viable para el control de la plaga M. persicae.

scholarly journals Plum Pox in North America: Identification of Aphid Vectors and a Potential Role for Fruit in Virus Spread

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 868-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Gildow ◽  
Vern Damsteegt ◽  
Andrew Stone ◽  
William Schneider ◽  
Douglas Luster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Metopolophium Dirhodum ◽  
Aphid Vectors

Thirteen aphid species were tested for their ability to transmit Pennsylvania isolates of Plum pox virus (PPV) collected in Columbia (PENN-3), Franklin (PENN-4), and York (PENN-7) Counties, PA. Four species, Aphis fabae, A. spiraecola, Brachycaudus persicae, and Myzus persicae, consistently transmitted PPV in preliminary transmission tests. Two species, Metopolophium dirhodum and Rhopalosiphum padi, were occasional inefficient vectors. Toxoptera citricida, from Florida, also was an effective vector but it does not occur in major stone-fruit-growing states. Species not transmitting PPV in parallel tests included Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis glycines, Aulacorthum solani, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, and Sitobion avenae. When given a 3-day probing access period simultaneously on PPV-infected peach seedlings and healthy peach seedlings, Myzus persicae, Aphis spiraecola, A. fabae, and B. persicae transmitted PPV to 63, 31, 38, and 32% of the healthy peach seedlings, respectively. When given a similar probing period on PPV-infected peach fruit and healthy peach seedlings, the same aphid species transmitted PPV to 50, 35, 0, and 0% of seedlings, respectively. Results support the hypothesis of secondary PPV spread by indigenous aphids in Pennsylvania, and suggest that PPV-infected fruit has the potential to function as a virus source for long-distance dispersal.

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