behavioural evidence
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Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 030100662110568
Author(s):  
Stephen Gadsby

Many who suffer from eating disorders claim that they see themselves as “fat”. Despite decades of research into the phenomenon, behavioural evidence has failed to confirm that eating disorders involve visual misperception of own-body size. I illustrate the importance of this phenomenon for our understanding of perceptual processing, outline the challenges involved in experimentally confirming it, and provide solutions to those challenges.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hoskin ◽  
Deborah Talmi

Background: To reduce the computational demands of the task of determining values, the brain is thought to engage in adaptive coding, where the sensitivity of some neurons to value is modulated by contextual information. There is good behavioural evidence that pain is coded adaptively, but controversy regarding the underlying neural mechanism. Additionally, there is evidence that reward prediction errors are coded adaptively, but no parallel evidence regarding pain prediction errors. Methods: We tested the hypothesis that pain prediction errors are coded adaptively by scanning 19 healthy adults with fMRI while they performed a cued pain task. Our analysis followed an axiomatic approach. Results: We found that the left anterior insula was the only region which was sensitive both to predicted pain magnitudes and the unexpectedness of pain delivery, but not to the magnitude of delivered pain. Conclusions: This pattern suggests that the left anterior insula is part of a neural mechanism that serves the adaptive prediction error of pain.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Gadsby

Many who suffer from eating disorders claim that they see themselves as “fat”. Despite decades of research into the phenomenon, behavioural evidence has failed to confirm that eating disorders involve visual misperception of own-body size. I illustrate the importance of this phenomenon for our understanding of perceptual processing, outline the challenges involved in experimentally confirming it, and provide solutions to those challenges.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 20-42
Author(s):  
Barkha Shree ◽  
Parneeta Dhaliwal

Recent developments in digital forensics (DF) have emphasized that along with inspection of digital evidence, the study of behavioural clues based on behavioural evidence analysis (BEA) is vital for accurate and complete criminal investigation. This paper reviews the existing BEA approaches and process models and concludes the lack of standardisation in the BEA process. The research comprehends that existing BEA methodologies are restricted to specific characteristics of the forensic domain in question. To address these limitations, the paper proposes a standardised approach detailing the step-by-step implementation of BEA in the DF process. The proposed model presents a homogenous technique that can be practically applied to real-life cases. This standard BEA framework classifies digital evidence into categories to decipher associated offender characteristics. Unlike existing models, this new approach collects evidence from diverse sources and leaves no aspect unattended while probing criminal behavioural cues, thus facilitating its applicability across varied forensic domains.


Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 030100662110344
Author(s):  
Solange Glasser

Synaesthesia and absolute pitch (AP) are two rare conditions that occur more frequently within populations of artistic professionals. Current thinking surrounding synaesthesia and AP and their relationship to music perception form the focus of this article. Given that synaesthesia has rarely been discussed in the music literature, the article surveys and consolidates general neurobiological, psychological, and behavioural evidence to summarise what is currently known on this topic, in order to link this back to the conditions that most relate to music. In contrast, research on AP is now well established in the music literature, but the important gap of linking AP to other conditions such as synaesthesia has yet to be fully explored. This article investigates the potential relationship between synaesthesia and AP for musicians who possess both conditions by systematically comparing the definitions, classifications, prevalence, diagnoses, and impacts on music perception of synaesthesia and AP and provides insights into the varying states of the literature and knowledge of both conditions. In so doing, this article aims to facilitate a greater understanding of music and auditory forms of synaesthesia and their interaction with AP and encourage increased research effort on this important topic.


Author(s):  
Sara Sardari ◽  
AliMohammad Pourrahimi ◽  
Mazyar Fathi ◽  
Hosein Talebi ◽  
Shahrzad Mazhari

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gjalt - Jorn Ygram Peters ◽  
Dominika Kwasnicka ◽  
Rik Crutzen ◽  
Gill A. ten Hoor ◽  
Tugce Varol ◽  
...  

In March 2020, the Your COVID-19 Risk tool was developed in response to the global spread of SARS-CoV-2. The tool is an online resource based on key behavioural evidence-based risk factors related to contracting and spreading SARS-CoV-2. This article describes the development of the tool, the produced resources, the associated open repository, and initial results. This tool was developed by a multidisciplinary research team consisting of more than 150 international experts. This project leverages knowledge obtained in behavioural science, aiming to promote behaviour change by assessing risk and supporting individuals completing the assessment tool to protect themselves and others from infection. To enable iterative improvements of the tool, tool users can optionally answer questions about behavioural determinants. The data and results are openly shared to support governments and health agencies developing behaviour change interventions. Over 60 000 users in more than 150 countries have assessed their risk and provided data.


Neuroforum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Haase ◽  
Isabelle Musielak ◽  
Dominik Heyers

Abstract In addition to other natural orientation cues such as the stars, the sun, landmarks and olfactory cues, migrating birds possess the ability to orient by the Earth’s magnetic field. In recent years, neuroscientific research has pinpointed brain regions and connecting neuronal pathways that seem to be involved in processing magnetic information. To date, the most compelling neuroanatomical and behavioural evidence comes from the visual and trigeminal sensory systems. We expect that navigational information from both systems could be integrated in higher-order brain structures, such as the hippocampus and the “decision-making” caudolateral nidopallium. This review summarizes the current state of research on the neurosensory basis of magnetoreception in birds.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Merritt ◽  
Isabel MacKay-Clackett ◽  
Sylvia M. T. Almeida ◽  
Celina Tran ◽  
Safa Ansar ◽  
...  

AbstractIn the mammalian olfactory system, crosstalk among diverse olfactory signals is minimized through labelled line coding: individual neurons express one or few olfactory receptors among those encoded in the genome. Labelled line coding allows for separation of stimuli during mammalian olfactory signal transduction, however, in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, 1,300 olfactory receptors are primarily expressed in only 32 neurons, precluding this strategy. Here we report genetic, pharmacological and behavioural evidence that β-arrestin-mediated desensitization of olfactory receptors, working downstream of the kinase GRK-1, enables discrimination between intra-neuronal olfactory stimuli, but that this discrimination relies on quantitative, rather than qualitative differences in signalling. Our findings suggest that C. elegans exploits β-arrestin desensitization to maximize responsiveness to novel odors, allowing for behaviourally appropriate responses to olfactory stimuli despite the large number of olfactory receptors signalling in single cells. This represents a fundamentally different solution to the problem of olfactory discrimination than that which evolved in mammals, allowing for economical use of an extremely limited number of sensory neurons.


Author(s):  
Penelope Zanolli ◽  
Desiderato Annoscia ◽  
Virginia Zanni ◽  
Francesco Nazzi ◽  
Francesco Pavan

AbstractAnagrus atomus (L.) is an egg parasitoid involved in the biological control of Empoasca vitis (Göthe) in vineyards. Sex pheromones play a crucial role in mate finding for several parasitoid species and could be used for monitoring under field conditions. We carried out laboratory and field studies aimed at assessing the existence and identity of a possible A. atomus sex pheromone. We found that males were significantly attracted by virgin females independent of age. Males were not attracted to individuals of the same sex, but they were attracted by a crude extract from an unmated female and its polar fraction. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) was identified as the attractive substance and proved to be attractive not only in the olfactometer but also in another laboratory bioassay and under field conditions. Attraction of males, but not females, confirms that this is not an aggregation pheromone. This is the first sex-pheromone component identified in Mymaridae, however more compounds could be involved in the mating behaviour of A. atomus. The utility of a sex pheromone in A. atomus is discussed in the context of fitness returns.


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