scholarly journals The CMB, Preferred Reference System, and Dragging of Light in the Earth Frame

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Maurizio Consoli ◽  
Alessandro Pluchino
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Physical Interpretation ◽  
Allan Variance ◽  
Optical Resonators ◽  
Lorentz Transformations ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Solid Dielectrics ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Alternative Reading

The dominant CMB dipole anisotropy is a Doppler effect due to a particular motion of the solar system with a velocity of 370 km/s. Since this derives from peculiar motions and local inhomogeneities, one could meaningfully consider a fundamental frame of rest Σ associated with the Universe as a whole. From the group properties of Lorentz transformations, two observers, individually moving within Σ, would still be connected by the relativistic composition rules. However, the ultimate implications could be substantial. Physical interpretation is thus traditionally demanded in order to correlate some of the dragging of light observed in the laboratory with the direct CMB observations. Today, the small residuals—from those of Michelson–Morley to present experiments with optical resonators—are just considered instrumental artifacts. However, if the velocity of light in the interferometers is not the same parameter “c” of Lorentz transformations, nothing would prevent a non-zero dragging. Furthermore, the observable effects would be much smaller than what is classically expected and would most likely be of an irregular nature. We review an alternative reading of experiments that leads to remarkable correlations with the CMB observations. Notably, we explain the irregular 10−15 fractional frequency shift presently measured with optical resonators operating in vacuum and solid dielectrics. For integration times of about 1 s and a typical Central European latitude, we also predict daily variations of the Allan variance in the range (5÷12)·10−16.

scholarly journals Very Hot Plasmas in the Solar System

1980 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. I. Axford
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Astrophysical Plasmas ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Emission And Absorption Spectra ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Universe

In contrast to most astrophysical situations where information about hot plasmas can be obtained only from emission and absorption spectra, often without spatial resolution, plasmas in the solar system in many cases provide us with the opportunity to make direct, in situ measurements. Such plasmas, notably the solar wind and the plasmas contained in the magnetosphere of the earth, Jupiter, and other planets, must be heated by processes which are in many cases similar to those occurring in astrophysical plasmas and their behaviour should also be to some extent similar. It is therefore interesting and instructive to be able to compare our observations and understanding of these accessible solar system plasmas with those found elsewhere in the universe which are not so easy to observe in detail. This might provide us with some new ideas and perspectives on the nature and behaviour of hot plasmas in general and also an opportunity to test some of our ideas against “ground truth”.

Welcome to the Neighbourhood: Belonging to the Universe

Leonardo ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 383-388
Author(s):  
Adam Nieman
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Public Engagement ◽  
Space Travel ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Public Engagement With Science ◽  
Space Art ◽  
The Universe

Space travel could be an experience available to everyone. This paper describes Welcome to the Neighbourhood, a combination of sculpture and multimedia designed to help people inhabit the solar system (without leaving the earth). The project aims to empower astronomers and nonastronomers alike to form an authentic conception of their place in the cosmos. The author discusses the sculptures that inspired the idea for the project, including the largest known kinetic sculpture ever built (60 light-years across), and then outlines Welcome to the Neigh-bourhood in the context of a broader discussion of public engagement with science and the role of space art in transforming people's experience of “being in the universe.”

scholarly journals Decreasing gravitational pulls caused by the loss of mass in the form of emitted photons and cosmic particles set the expanding universe in motion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Zeng ◽  
Huan Xu ◽  
Qiuyun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Expanding Universe ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Gravitational Pull ◽  
Loss Of Mass ◽  
The Universe

The Earth is orbiting away from the Sun each year, and so are the other planets in the solar system. The Sun loses small amount of mass via the emission of photons and cosmic particles, and the slight decrease of solar gravitational pull results in the minute expansion of the orbits of the planets. Cumulatively, the universe is expanding. The gaseous feature of large planets can be explained by the more extensive volcanoes than that on the Earth. The slower deceleration of larger mass and faster acceleration of smaller mass triggered by Jupiter’s gravitational pull may result in sunspot.Therefore, starspots can be harnessed for the search of orbiting exoplanets.

“HOSPITABLE INFINITY”: IMAGINING NEW PROSPECTS AND OTHER WORLDS IN VICTORIAN COSMIC VOYAGE LITERATURE

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Daw
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
George Eliot ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Limits Of Knowledge ◽  
The Stranger ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Looking Back

On September 3, 1841, George Eliot wrote in a letter to her friend Maria Lewis:I have been revelling in Nichol's Architecture of the heavens and Phenomena of the Solar system, and have been in imagination winging my flight from system to system, from universe to universe, trying to conceive myself in such a position and with such a visual faculty as would enable me to enjoy what Young enumerates among the novelties of the ‘stranger’ man when he burst the shell, toBehold an infinite of floating worldsDivide the crystal waves of ether pure,In endless voyage without port‘Hospitable infinity!’ Nichol beautifully says. (Letters106–07)1Here, Eliot describes an imaginary journey through the systems of the heavens and the unbounded space of the universe. The books she refers to are John Pringle Nichol'sViews of the Architecture of the Heavens. In a Series of Letters to a Lady(1837), andThe Phenomena and Order of the Solar System(1838). InViews of the Architecture of the Heavens, Nichol takes his readers on a tour of the universe with the aim of helping them to “henceforth look at the Heavens” with “something of the emotion which their greatness communicates to the accomplished Astronomer” (vii). Eliot's quote is from Edward Young's poemThe Complaint, or Night Thoughts(1742), where the narrator describes a cosmic voyage he takes in “contemplation's rapid car” stopping at every planet asking for the Deity. From “Saturn's ring,” he takes a more fearless “bolder flight” through the stars with a “bold” cometAmid those sov'reign glories of the skies,Of independent, native lustre, proud;The souls of systems! and the lords of life,Through their wide empires! (276)In Young's scenes of majestic cosmic perspective, the reader, with the narrator, discovers the vastness of space and the existence of other worlds: “On nature's Alps I stand, / And see a thousand firmaments beneath! / A thousand systems! as a thousand grains!” (277). The theme of the cosmic journey enables the reader to explore the universe, often looking back at the earth as they travel through space in their imagination and frequently in a dream. Overcoming the limits of knowledge, the immeasurable distances of the universe and its other worlds become more knowable.

Xenology

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar System Formation ◽  
System Formation ◽  
Mass Fractionation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
Xenon Isotopes ◽  
The Universe

Xenon is unique among the Noble Gases in that it has an isotope, 129Xe, that is the fossil daughter of an extinct nuclide. Iodine-129, its precursor, decays to 129Xe with a half-life of about sixteen million years, and since the earth is four and a half billion years old (and since all the elements on earth were created in stars before the earth accreted), there is no 129I on earth today; after the first hundred million years of earth’s existence there would have been less than 2 percent left, after a billion years there would have been too little to measure, and by today we can safely say there is “none” left. But now let’s go back to the very creation of the solar system. We know that the elements that exist today were created earlier in stars and blown out into space, and somehow they accreted into the sun and planets. We know roughly how and in which types of stars the elements were created, but we still don’t know the details of their synthesis, and we know even less about their accretion into the sun and planets, and until the xenon studies we had absolutely no idea when they were created. Suppose that the creation of the elements took place billions of years before solar system formation (after all, the universe is nearly ten billion years older than we are). Then all the 129I would have decayed into xenon long before the sun and planets formed, the 129Xe would have mixed with all the other xenon isotopes, and upon its incorporation into the solid particles of the solar system the xenon would be isotopically homogeneous. The sun, the earth, the meteorites, and the planets and moons would have incorporated differing amounts of xenon, according to their mode of formation and evolution, but they would all have the same mix of xenon isotopes (with perhaps some easily recognized mass fractionation). But suppose instead that the elements were created just previous to solar system formation; that is, within a few half-lives of 129I—say, less than a hundred million years.

Applications of Geospatial Research in Earth Resources

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Joyce Gosata Maphanyane ◽  
Read Brown Mthanganyika Mapeo ◽  
Modupe O. Akinola
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Atmospheric Processes ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Tectonic Movements

This chapter is a continuation from Chapter 1. The two chapters draw attention to discussions on the Earth and its systems, which are driven by the outer motion of the Solar System. It gives an analytical view of what is known about the Universe. It elaborates upon the Earth's structure and the associated spheres and their interactions. These interactions account for activities that form the whole Earth dynamism, which manifest as tectonic movements, polar wondering and magnetic reversals, seasonal changes, hydrological cycle, atmospheric processes and life on Earth as a whole. The study of these is a fundamental component of geospatial science research.

The Beauty of Nature

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-232
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Final Cause ◽  
Evolution Of The Universe ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Natural Beauty ◽  
Intrinsic Quality ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
The Universe

This chapter argues that beauty of nature is the intrinsic quality of things and examines various types of natural beauty, including the beauty of landforms, the beauty of animals and creatures, the beauty of flowers, the beauty of trees and the natural in poetry. It also studies the hierarchy of natural beauty and finds that all objects, be it the universe, the solar system or the earth, are all of the same origin, and things evolve from a singularity and are in similar shapes rather than different shapes. It holds that the structure of natural beauty consists of three factors, namely the moving cause, the final cause, and the formal cause, and that these three factors (namely the structure of beauty) determine the function, the effect, as well as the characteristics of beauty. This chapter concludes that the utmost beauty is the natural beauty which emerges in the coordinated evolution of the universe, nature, and the human society. It is the origin of all artistic and design beauty.

scholarly journals The Wild Theory of Nicolaus Copernicus

ADALAH ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Zahra
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Long Time ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Nicolaus Copernicus ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Church ◽  
Modern Astronomy

Heliocentrism is one of the controversial theory which was found by Nicolaus Copernicus. This theory described that the Sun is the center of the universe and it was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. This theory is contrary to the principles of the church and the contents of the Bible at that time. Some scientists oppose the formulation of Nicolaus Copernicus because it contradicts the principles of the church. Although he was in good standing with the Church. At this time, Copernicus was praised by many as the Father of Modern Astronomy. Indeed, his description of the universe was purified and improved by later scientists, such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton. The controversy of the theory that was sparked by him made us aware of the fragility of scientific concepts that have been accepted for a long time. Through research, observation, and mathematics, Copernicus overturned a scientific and church concept that was rooted but was mistaken that the center of the solar system was the earth, an incorrect concept.Keywords: heliocentrism, the principles of the church, controversyAbstrakHeliosentrisme adalah salah satu teori kontroversial yang ditemukan oleh Nicolaus Copernicus. Teori ini menggambarkan bahwa matahari adalah pusat di alam semesta dan ia menentang geosentrisme, yang menempatkan bumi di tengah. Teori ini bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip gereja dan isi Alkitab pada waktu itu. Beberapa ilmuwan menentang perumusan Nicolaus Copernicus karena bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip gereja. Meskipun dia dalam posisi yang baik dengan gereja. Pada saat ini, Copernicus dipuji oleh banyak orang sebagai Bapak Astronomi Modern. Memang, uraiannya tentang alam semesta dimurnikan dan ditingkatkan oleh para ilmuwan kemudian, seperti Galileo, Kepler, dan Newton. Kontroversi teori yang dipicu olehnya membuat kita sadar akan kerapuhan konsep-konsep ilmiah yang telah diterima sejak lama. Melalui penelitian, pengamatan, dan matematika, Copernicus menjungkirbalikkan konsep ilmiah dan gereja yang berakar tetapi keliru bahwa pusat tata surya adalah bumi, sebuah konsep yang salah.Kata kunci: heliosentrisme, prinsip-prinsip gereja, kontroversi

The Origin of the Moon

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Ruskol
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solar System ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Origin Of The Moon

The difference between average densities of the Moon and Earth was interpreted in the preceding report by Professor H. Urey as indicating a difference in their chemical composition. Therefore, Urey assumes the Moon's formation to have taken place far away from the Earth, under conditions differing substantially from the conditions of Earth's formation. In such a case, the Earth should have captured the Moon. As is admitted by Professor Urey himself, such a capture is a very improbable event. In addition, an assumption that the “lunar” dimensions were representative of protoplanetary bodies in the entire solar system encounters great difficulties.

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