Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Sero-Subtypes in Poultry and Wild Birds in Bangladesh

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses have pandemic potential, cause significant economic losses and are of veterinary and public health concerns. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and diversity of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry and wild birds in Bangladesh. We conducted an avian influenza sero-surveillance in wild and domestic birds in wetlands of Chattogram and Sylhet in the winter seasons 2012–2014. We tested serum samples using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA), and randomly selected positive serum samples (170 of 942) were tested using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) to detect antibodies against the 16 different HA sero-subtypes. All AIV sero–subtypes except H7, H11, H14 and H15 were identified in the present study, with H5 and H9 dominating over other subtypes, regardless of the bird species. The diversity of HA sero-subtypes within groups ranged from 3 (in household chickens) to 10 (in migratory birds). The prevalence of the H5 sero-subtype was 76.3% (29/38) in nomadic ducks, 71.4% (5/7) in household chicken, 66.7% (24/36) in resident wild birds, 65.9% (27/41) in migratory birds and 61.7% (29/47) in household ducks. Moreover, the H9 sero-subtype was common in migratory birds (56%; 23/41), followed by 38.3% (18/47) in household ducks, 36.8% (14/38) in nomadic ducks, 30.6% (11/66) in resident wild birds and 28.5% (2/7) in household chickens. H1, H4 and H6 sero-subtypes were the most common sero-subtypes (80%; 8/10, 70%; 7/10 and 70%; 7/10, respectively) in migratory birds in 2012, H9 in resident wild birds (83.3%; 5/6) and H2 in nomadic ducks (73.9%; 17/23) in 2013, and the H5 sero-subtype in all types of birds (50% to 100%) in 2014. The present study demonstrates that a high diversity of HA subtypes circulated in diverse bird species in Bangladesh, and this broad range of AIV hosts may increase the probability of AIVs’ reassortment and may enhance the emergence of novel AIV strains. A continued surveillance for AIV at targeted domestic–wild bird interfaces is recommended to understand the ecology and evolution of AIVs.

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Serological and Molecular Detection of Avian Influenza Virus ‎Hemagglutinin (H5) in Wild Birds in and around Zaria, Nigeria

Sahel Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.54058/saheljvs.v18i1.226 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 27-31

Author(s):

P. I. Alonge ◽

S. B. Oladele ◽

F. B. Hassan ◽

O. Orakpoghenor ◽

J. Samuel

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Bird Species ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Worldwide Distribution ◽

Bubulcus Ibis ◽

Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin

Avian influenza (AI) has a worldwide distribution and affects domestic and wild birds, thus causing great economic losses to the poultry industry. This study was carried out to detect avian influenza virus H5 antibodies and nucleic acidin some wild birds [Laughing doves (Spilolepia senegalensis), Speckled pigeons (Columba guinea), Cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis), Senegalese parrots (Poicephalussenegalus), Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and Geese (Anseranserini)] in Zaria and its environs, Kaduna State Nigeria. Sera were tested for avian influenza virus (AIV) H5 antibody using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Pooled oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs of each bird species (8-10 samples) were tested for AIV nucleic acidusing one-stepreverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results revealed overall prevalence of 6.62% and 3.85% for AIV antibody and nucleic acid respectively. Based on species, AIV antibody was detected in laughing dove (10%), speckled pigeon (13.64%) and mallard (19.05%).Also, AIV antigen was detected in Senegalese parrot (20%).In conclusion, AIV antibody and antigen were detected in wild birds in Zaria, Nigeria. Thus, these species of birds could play significant roles in the spread of this virus to chickens. Therefore, measures to limit the interactions of these wild birds with chickens should be implemented to minimize the spread of AI.

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Avian influenza virus surveillance in migratory birds in Egypt revealed a novel reassortant H6N2 subtype

Avian Research ◽

10.1186/s40657-019-0180-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ali M. Zanaty ◽

Ahmed M. Erfan ◽

Wessam H. Mady ◽

Fatma Amer ◽

Ahmed A. Nour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Migratory Birds ◽

Virus Transmission ◽

Bird Species ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Gene Pools ◽

Reassortant Strain ◽

Domestic Birds

Abstract Background Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been identified from more than 100 different species of wild birds around the globe. Wild migratory birds can act as potential spreaders for AIVs to domestic birds between different countries. Egypt is situated on important migratory flyways for wild birds between different continents. While much is known about circulation of zoonotic potential H5N1 and H9N2 AIVs in domestic poultry in Egypt, little is known about the pivotal role of migratory birds in the maintenance and transmission of the viruses in Egypt. Methods Targeted AIV surveillance has been conducted in 2017 in different wetlands areas in Northern and Eastern Egypt. Results AIV of subtype H5 was detected in two bird species. In addition, a novel reassortant strain of the H6N2 subtype was identified which reveals the continuous risk of new influenza virus(es) introduction into Egypt. This novel virus possesses a reassortant pattern originating from different AIV gene pools. Conclusions Intervention control strategies should be performed to minimize the possible contact of domestic birds with wild birds to lower the risk of virus transmission at this interface. In addition, constant monitoring of AIVs in migratory birds is essential in the early detection of influenza virus introduction into Egypt.

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Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10050630 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 630

Author(s):

Artem Blagodatski ◽

Kseniya Trutneva ◽

Olga Glazova ◽

Olga Mityaeva ◽

Liudmila Shevkova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Migratory Birds ◽

Antigenic Drift ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Avian Host ◽

Virus Ecology ◽

Domestic Poultry ◽

Domestic Bird

Avian influenza is one of the largest known threats to domestic poultry. Influenza outbreaks on poultry farms typically lead to the complete slaughter of the entire domestic bird population, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Moreover, there are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains that are able to infect the swine or human population in addition to their primary avian host and, as such, have the potential of being a global zoonotic and pandemic threat. Migratory birds, especially waterfowl, are a natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus; they carry and exchange different virus strains along their migration routes, leading to antigenic drift and antigenic shift, which results in the emergence of novel HPAI viruses. This requires monitoring over time and in different locations to allow for the upkeep of relevant knowledge on avian influenza virus evolution and the prevention of novel epizootic and epidemic outbreaks. In this review, we assess the role of migratory birds in the spread and introduction of influenza strains on a global level, based on recent data. Our analysis sheds light on the details of viral dissemination linked to avian migration, the viral exchange between migratory waterfowl and domestic poultry, virus ecology in general, and viral evolution as a process tightly linked to bird migration. We also provide insight into methods used to detect and quantify avian influenza in the wild. This review may be beneficial for the influenza research community and may pave the way to novel strategies of avian influenza and HPAI zoonosis outbreak monitoring and prevention.

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Landscape effects and spatial patterns of avian influenza virus in Danish wild birds, 2006‐2020

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases ◽

10.1111/tbed.14040 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lene Jung Kjær ◽

Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager ◽

Lars Erik Larsen ◽

Anette Ella Boklund ◽

Tariq Halasa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Spatial Patterns ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Landscape Effects

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Development and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA for the detection of antibodies against H7 avian influenza virus

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-021-02772-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yuan Li ◽

Hongliu Ye ◽

Meng Liu ◽

Suquan Song ◽

Jin Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Large Scale ◽

Operation Time ◽

Reference Method ◽

Antibody Detection ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Antibody Concentration

Abstract Background H7 subtype avian influenza has caused great concern in the global poultry industry and public health. The conventional serological subtype-specific diagnostics is implemented by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay despite lengthy operation time. In this study, an efficient, rapid and high-throughput competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was developed for detection of antibodies against H7 avian influenza virus (AIV) based on a novel monoclonal antibody specific to the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of H7 AIV. Results The reaction parameters including antigen coating concentration, monoclonal antibody concentration and serum dilution ratio were optimized for H7 antibody detection. The specificity of the cELISA was tested using antisera against H1 ~ H9, H11 ~ H14 AIVs and other avian viruses. The selected cut-off values of inhibition rates for chicken, duck and peacock sera were 30.11, 26.85 and 45.66% by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, respectively. With HI test as the reference method, the minimum detection limits for chicken, duck and peacock positive serum reached 20, 21 and 2− 1 HI titer, respectively. Compared to HI test, the diagnostic accuracy reached 100, 98.6, and 99.3% for chicken, duck and peacock by testing a total of 400 clinical serum samples, respectively. Conclusions In summary, the cELISA assay developed in this study provided a reliable, specific, sensitive and species-independent serological technique for rapid detection of H7 antibody, which was applicable for large-scale serological surveillance and vaccination efficacy evaluation programs.

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