scholarly journals New Perspectives on Serialism and Parallelism in Oculomotor Control During Reading: The Multi-Constituent Unit Hypothesis

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanli Zang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Ambiguous Word ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior ◽  
Good Account ◽  
Proposed Model

Currently there are several computational models of eye movement control that provide a good account of oculomotor behavior during reading of English and other alphabetic languages. I will provide an overview of two dominant models: E-Z Reader and SWIFT, as well as a recently proposed model: OB1-Reader. I will evaluate a critical issue of controversy among models, namely, whether words are lexically processed serially or in parallel. I will then consider reading in Chinese, a character-based, unspaced language with ambiguous word boundaries. Finally, I will evaluate the concepts of serialism and parallelism of process central to these models, and how these models might function in relation to lexical processing that is operationalized over parafoveal multi-constituent units.

Distributed Parallel Processing in the Vestibulo-Oculomotor System

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Anastasio ◽  
David A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Block Diagram ◽  
Vestibular Nucleus ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Neural Network Learning ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior ◽  
Distributed Models

The mechanisms of eye-movement control are among the best understood in motor neurophysiology. Detailed anatomical and physiological data have paved the way for theoretical models that have unified existing knowledge and suggested further experiments. These models have generally taken the form of black-box diagrams (for example, Robinson 1981) representing the flow of hypothetical signals between idealized signal-processing blocks. They approximate overall oculomotor behavior but indicate little about how real eye-movement signals would be carried and processed by real neural networks. Neurons that combine and transmit oculomotor signals, such as those in the vestibular nucleus (VN), actually do so in a diverse, seemingly random way that would be impossible to predict from a block diagram. The purpose of this study is to use a neural-network learning scheme (Rumelhart et al. 1986) to construct parallel, distributed models of the vestibulo-oculomotor system that simulate the diversity of responses recorded experimentally from VN neurons.

scholarly journals Methodologies for comparing complex computational models of eye-movement control in reading: Just fitting the data is not enough

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-500
Author(s):  
Ronan Reilly ◽  
Ralph Radach
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Eye Movement Control

As the number of computational models of eye-movement control in reading increases, so too will their coverage and complexity. This will make their comparison and testing increasingly challenging. We argue here that there is a need to develop a methodology for constructing and evaluating such models, and outline aspects of a possible methodology.

scholarly journals The rhythm of cognition – Effects of an auditory beat on oculomotor control in reading and sequential scanning

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke B. Lange ◽  
Aleksandra Pieczykolan ◽  
Hans A. Trukenbrod ◽  
Lynn Huestegge
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Background Music ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Text Reading ◽  
Musical Tempo ◽  
Sequential Scanning

Eye-movement behavior is inherently rhythmic. Even without cognitive input, the eyes never rest, as saccades are generated 3 to 4 times per second. Based on an embodied view of cognition, we asked whether mental processing in visual cognitive tasks is also rhythmic in nature by studying the effects of an external auditory beat (rhythmic background music) on saccade generation in exemplary cognitive tasks (reading and sequential scanning). While in applied settings background music has been demonstrated to impair reading comprehension, the effect of musical tempo on eye-movement control during reading or scanning has not been investigated so far. We implemented a tempo manipulation in four steps as well as a silent baseline condition, while participants completed a text reading or a sequential scanning task that differed from each other in terms of underlying cognitive processing requirements. The results revealed that increased tempo of the musical beat sped up fixations in text reading, while the presence (vs. absence) of the auditory stimulus generally reduced overall reading time. In contrast, sequential scanning was unaffected by the auditory pacemaker. These results were supported by additionally applying Bayesian inference statistics. Our study provides evidence against a cognitive load account (i.e., that spare resources during low-demand sequential scanning allow for enhanced processing of the external beat). Instead, the data suggest an interpretation in favor of a modulation of the oculomotor saccade timer by irrelevant background music in cases involving highly automatized oculomotor control routines (here: in text reading).

Eye-movement control in reading: Models and predictions

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyal M. Reingold
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Processing Effect ◽  
Processing Difficulty ◽  
Reading Models

It is argued here that a critical prediction of the E-Z Reader model is that experimental manipulations that disrupt early encoding of visual and orthographic features of the fixated word without affecting subsequent lexical processing should influence the processing difficulty of the fixated word without producing any processing effect on the next word. This prediction is explained and illustrated.

scholarly journals Lexical and post-lexical complexity effects on eye movements in reading

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Warren ◽  
Erik D. Reichle ◽  
Nikole D. Patson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Lexical Complexity ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading ◽  
Processing Difficulty

The current study investigated how a post-lexical complexity manipulation followed by a lexical complexity manipulation affects eye movements during reading. Both manipulations caused disruption in all measures on the manipulated words, but the patterns of spillover differed. Critically, the effects of the two kinds of manipulations did not interact, and there was no evidence that post-lexical processing difficulty delayed lexical processing on the next word (c.f. Henderson & Ferreira, 1990). This suggests that post-lexical processing of one word and lexical processing of the next can proceed independently and likely in parallel. This finding is consistent with the assumptions of the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control in reading (Reichle, Warren, & McConnell, 2009).

The E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading: Comparisons to other models

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik D. Reichle ◽  
Keith Rayner ◽  
Alexander Pollatsek
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Components Of Reading ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

The E-Z Reader model (Reichle et al. 1998; 1999) provides a theoretical framework for understanding how word identification, visual processing, attention, and oculomotor control jointly determine when and where the eyes move during reading. In this article, we first review what is known about eye movements during reading. Then we provide an updated version of the model (E-Z Reader 7) and describe how it accounts for basic findings about eye movement control in reading. We then review several alternative models of eye movement control in reading, discussing both their core assumptions and their theoretical scope. On the basis of this discussion, we conclude that E-Z Reader provides the most comprehensive account of eye movement control during reading. Finally, we provide a brief overview of what is known about the neural systems that support the various components of reading, and suggest how the cognitive constructs of our model might map onto this neural architecture.

Reading Disappearing Text

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Rayner ◽  
Simon P. Liversedge ◽  
Sarah J. White ◽  
Dorine Vergilino-Perez
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Normal Reading ◽  
Control Models

Participants read sentences containing high- or low-frequency target words under normal reading conditions or disappearing-text conditions (in which the word that was fixated disappeared after 60 ms). Even though the fixated word had disappeared after 60 ms, there was still a robust frequency effect wherein readers fixated longer on low-frequency words than on high-frequency words. Thus, the results are consistent with cognitive-control models of eye movement control and inconsistent with visual/oculomotor-control models. Although the uptake of visual information is clearly important for reading, it is the cognitive processes associated with understanding the fixated words that drive the eyes through the text.

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