scholarly journals Human Health Risks Associated with Recreational Waters: Preliminary Approach of Integrating Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment with Microbial Source Tracking

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Gitter ◽  
Kristina Mena ◽  
Kevin Wagner ◽  
Diane Boellstorff ◽  
Kyna Borel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Recreational Waters ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
E Coli

Gastrointestinal (GI) illness risks associated with exposure to waters impacted by human and nonhuman fecal sources were estimated using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Microbial source tracking (MST) results had identified Escherichia coli (E. coli) contributors to the waterbody as human and unidentified (10%), cattle and domestic animals (25%), and wildlife (65%) in a rural watershed. The illness risks associated with ingestion during recreation were calculated by assigning reference pathogens for each contributing source and using pathogen dose–response relationships. The risk of GI illness was calculated for a specific sampling site with a geometric mean of E. coli of 163 colony forming units (cfu) 100 mL−1, and the recreational standard of E. coli, 126 cfu 100 mL−1. While the most frequent sources of fecal indicator bacteria at the sampling site were nonhuman, the risk of illness from norovirus, the reference pathogen representing human waste, contributed the greatest risk to human health. This study serves as a preliminary review regarding the potential for incorporating results from library-dependent MST to inform a QMRA for recreational waters. The simulations indicated that identifying the sources contributing to the bacterial impairment is critical to estimate the human health risk associated with recreation in a waterbody.

Estimating the probability of illness due to swimming in recreational water with a mixture of human- and gull-associated microbial source tracking markers

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1528-1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra I. Brown ◽  
Katherine E. Graham ◽  
Jeffrey A. Soller ◽  
Alexandria B. Boehm
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk

The risk of swimming in water contaminated with gull feces and human wastewater was determined using quantitative microbial risk assessment.

The application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to natural recreational waters: A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 334-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ileana Federigi ◽  
Marco Verani ◽  
Gabriele Donzelli ◽  
Lorenzo Cioni ◽  
Annalaura Carducci
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Recreational Waters ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk

scholarly journals Performance of Two Quantitative PCR Methods for Microbial Source Tracking of Human Sewage and Implications for Microbial Risk Assessment in Recreational Waters

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (20) ◽  
pp. 7317-7326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Staley ◽  
Katrina V. Gordon ◽  
Mary E. Schoen ◽  
Valerie J. Harwood
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
Human Polyomavirus ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk

ABSTRACTBefore new, rapid quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods for assessment of recreational water quality and microbial source tracking (MST) can be useful in a regulatory context, an understanding of the ability of the method to detect a DNA target (marker) when the contaminant source has been diluted in environmental waters is needed. This study determined the limits of detection and quantification of the human-associatedBacteroidessp. (HF183) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) qPCR methods for sewage diluted in buffer and in five ambient, Florida water types (estuarine, marine, tannic, lake, and river). HF183 was quantifiable in sewage diluted up to 10−6in 500-ml ambient-water samples, but HPyVs were not quantifiable in dilutions of >10−4. Specificity, which was assessed using fecal composites from dogs, birds, and cattle, was 100% for HPyVs and 81% for HF183. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) estimated the possible norovirus levels in sewage and the human health risk at various sewage dilutions. When juxtaposed with the MST marker detection limits, the QMRA analysis revealed that HF183 was detectable when the modeled risk of gastrointestinal (GI) illness was at or below the benchmark of 10 illnesses per 1,000 exposures, but the HPyV method was generally not sensitive enough to detect potential health risks at the 0.01 threshold for frequency of illness. The tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity in the MST methods indicates that HF183 data should be interpreted judiciously, preferably in conjunction with a more host-specific marker, and that better methods of concentrating HPyVs from environmental waters are needed if this method is to be useful in a watershed management or monitoring context.

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes in Leafy Green Vegetables Consumed at Salad Bars

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. FRANZ ◽  
S. O. TROMP ◽  
H. RIJGERSBERG ◽  
H. J. van der FELS-KLERX
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
The Public ◽  
E Coli

Fresh vegetables are increasingly recognized as a source of foodborne outbreaks in many parts of the world. The purpose of this study was to conduct a quantitative microbial risk assessment for Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes infection from consumption of leafy green vegetables in salad from salad bars in The Netherlands. Pathogen growth was modeled in Aladin (Agro Logistics Analysis and Design Instrument) using time-temperature profiles in the chilled supply chain and one particular restaurant with a salad bar. A second-order Monte Carlo risk assessment model was constructed (using @Risk) to estimate the public health effects. The temperature in the studied cold chain was well controlled below 5°C. Growth of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella was minimal (17 and 15%, respectively). Growth of L. monocytogenes was considerably greater (194%). Based on first-order Monte Carlo simulations, the average number of cases per year in The Netherlands associated the consumption leafy greens in salads from salad bars was 166, 187, and 0.3 for E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and L. monocytogenes, respectively. The ranges of the average number of annual cases as estimated by second-order Monte Carlo simulation (with prevalence and number of visitors as uncertain variables) were 42 to 551 for E. coli O157:H7, 81 to 281 for Salmonella, and 0.1 to 0.9 for L. monocytogenes. This study included an integration of modeling pathogen growth in the supply chain of fresh leafy vegetables destined for restaurant salad bars using software designed to model and design logistics and modeling the public health effects using probabilistic risk assessment software.

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