scholarly journals Profitability of Frequency Regulation by Electric Vehicles in Denmark and Japan Considering Battery Degradation Costs

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Calearo ◽  
Mattia Marinelli
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
Economic Framework ◽  
Domestic Prices ◽  
Market Framework ◽  
Battery Degradation ◽  
Primary Frequency ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Power Response ◽  
Full Activation

This paper determines the profitability of the primary frequency regulation (FR) service considering the wear of the electric vehicle (EV) battery as a cost. To evaluate the profitability of the FR service, the cost of degradation from FR provision is separated from the degradation caused by driving usage. During FR, the power response is proportional to the frequency deviation with full activation power of 9.2 kW, when deviations are larger than 100 mHz. The degradation due to FR is found to be an additional 1–2% to the 7–12% capacity reduction of a 40 kWh Lithium-ion NMC battery pack over 5 years. The overall economic framework is applied in Denmark, both DK1 and DK2, and Japan, by considering historical frequencies. The DK2 FR market framework is taken as reference also for the Japanese and the DK1 cases. Electricity prices and charger efficiency are the two main parameters that affect the profitability of the service. Indeed, with domestic prices there is no profitability, whereas with industrial prices, despite differences between the frequencies, the service is similarly profitable with approx. 3500€ for a five-year period.

Investigation on the ageing mechanism for a lithium-ion cell under accelerated tests: The case of primary frequency regulation service

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 102904
Author(s):  
S.G. Leonardi ◽  
D. Aloisio ◽  
G. Brunaccini ◽  
A. Stassi ◽  
M. Ferraro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
Accelerated Tests ◽  
Lithium Ion Cell ◽  
Primary Frequency

Study of the Operational Characteristics of Isolated Grid Fed with Hydro Generators, Diesel Generators and Photovoltaic Power Station

2011 ◽  
Vol 354-355 ◽  
pp. 959-963
Author(s):  
Xiao Qing Qi ◽  
Wei Cao ◽  
Da Fei Wang ◽  
Da Hong Wang ◽  
Yu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Power Supplies ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Diesel Generators ◽  
Primary Frequency ◽  
Power Response

When the isolated grid is influenced by disturbance，the power response characteristics of power supplies have an important impact on the operating characteristic of the isolated grid. Ali grid with non-energy storage PV power station was studied and simulated with PSASP software in this paper. The result shows that it is important to make sure the diesel generators participate in primary frequency regulation of the grid to enhance the system stability, especially in the case of PV power output disturbances.

A Robust Control Approach for Primary Frequency Regulation through Variable Speed Wind Turbines

2010 ◽  
Vol 130 (11) ◽  
pp. 1002-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Morel ◽  
Hassan Bevrani ◽  
Teruhiko Ishii ◽  
Takashi Hiyama
Keyword(s):  
Robust Control ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Primary Frequency

Lithium-ion Battery Degradation Mechanisms and Failure Analysis Methodology

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhanu Sood ◽  
Lucas Severn ◽  
Michael Osterman ◽  
Michael Pecht ◽  
Anton Bougaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Failure Process ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Degradation Mechanisms ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Depth Of Discharge ◽  
Battery Degradation ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract A review of the prevalent degradation mechanisms in Lithium ion batteries is presented. Degradation and eventual failure in lithium-ion batteries can occur for a variety of dfferent reasons. Degradation in storage occurs primarily due to the self-discharge mechanisms, and is accelerated during storage at elevated temperatures. The degradation and failure during use conditions is generally accelerated due to the transient power requirements, the high frequency of charge/discharge cycles and differences between the state-of-charge and the depth of discharge influence the degradation and failure process. A step-by-step methodology for conducting a failure analysis of Lithion batteries is presented. The failure analysis methodology is illustrated using a decision-tree approach, which enables the user to evaluate and select the most appropriate techniques based on the observed battery characteristics. The techniques start with non-destructive and non-intrusive steps and shift to those that are more destructive and analytical in nature as information about the battery state is gained through a set of measurements and experimental techniques.

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