The cislunar spaceport for the crew delivery to the lunar surface

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Yury N. Makushenko ◽  
Rafail F. Murtazin ◽  
Dmitry S. Zarubin
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Lunar Orbit ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Deep Space ◽  
Deep Space Exploration ◽  
National Programs ◽  
Lunar Lander

The success of the International Space Station project has inspired the partners to review possible steps in space exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit. The Moon, Mars, or asteroids - the priorities of partners’ national programs could be different. Understanding of the deep space exploration viability by the joint team led partners to consideration regarding Cis-Lunar Spaceport which will become a Spaceport and should facilitate the implementation of the national programs. At the present time a concept of the Spaceport located on high-elliptical lunar orbit is being widely discussed. The Spaceport is considered to be a transportation hub supporting deep space exploration programs: missions to the Moon, asteroids, Mars and other natural and artificial objects. Different schemes of crew delivery to the lunar surface using Lunar Lander based and serviced at the Spaceport are compared in the paper. The Spaceport utilization significantly reduces transportation operations time limits and provides conditions for reusable lunar spacecraft implementation. Key words: Cislunar spaceport, high-elliptical lunar orbit, ascent module, descant module, reusable lunar crew vehicle.

scholarly journals An advance in transfer line chilldown heat transfer of cryogenic propellants in microgravity using microfilm coating for enabling deep space exploration

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Chung ◽  
Jun Dong ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
S. R. Darr ◽  
J. W. Hartwig
Keyword(s):  
Space Exploration ◽  
Fluid Management ◽  
Microgravity Condition ◽  
Space Mission ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
Deep Space ◽  
Deep Space Exploration ◽  
Quenching Efficiency ◽  
Proper Perspective

AbstractThe extension of human space exploration from a low earth orbit to a high earth orbit, then to Moon, Mars, and possibly asteroids is NASA’s biggest challenge for the new millennium. Integral to this mission is the effective, sufficient, and reliable supply of cryogenic propellant fluids. Therefore, highly energy-efficient thermal-fluid management breakthrough concepts to conserve and minimize the cryogen consumption have become the focus of research and development, especially for the deep space mission to mars. Here we introduce such a concept and demonstrate its feasibility in parabolic flights under a simulated space microgravity condition. We show that by coating the inner surface of a cryogenic propellant transfer pipe with low-thermal conductivity microfilms, the quenching efficiency can be increased up to 176% over that of the traditional bare-surface pipe for the thermal management process of chilling down the transfer pipe. To put this into proper perspective, the much higher efficiency translates into a 65% savings in propellant consumption.

Arkadiko: A lunar space station mission proposal for the development of deep space exploration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Watson ◽  
Bruce Clarke ◽  
Adrian Eilingsfeld ◽  
Nicolo Fantinato ◽  
Bakari Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Space Exploration ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Deep Space ◽  
Deep Space Exploration

scholarly journals China's lunar and deep space exploration: touching the moon and exploring the universe

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1274-1278
Author(s):  
Weijie Zhao ◽  
Chi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Space Exploration ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Deep Space ◽  
Chief Engineer ◽  
Lunar Rock ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Deep Space Exploration ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Near Future ◽  
First Time

Abstract The Chinese lunar probe Chang'e-4 (CE-4) landed in the Von Kármán crater within the South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin on the far-side of the Moon on 3 January 2019. Following this, the moon rover Yutu-2 separated from the CE-4 lander and started its travels and exploration on the far-side of the Moon. Before this landing, humans had remotely observed the far-side of the Moon with lunar satellites. However, it was the first time that a man-made spacecraft had landed there and actually left behind wheel prints belonging to humanity. Since China's Lunar Exploration Project (CLEP), or Chang'e Project, started in 2004, China has accomplished the first two steps of its three-step plan of ‘Orbiting, Landing and Returning’. CE-3 and CE-4 landed successfully on the near-side and far-side of the Moon, respectively. In the near future, CE-5 will land again on the near-side of the Moon and take lunar rock and soil samples back to Earth, thus completing the three-step plan of CLEP. In April 2019, National Science Review (NSR) interviewed three key figures of CLEP: CLEP Chief Engineer Weiren Wu (), the first CLEP Chief Scientist and CLEP senior consultant Ziyuan Ouyang (), and CLEP third phase Vice-Chief Engineer, CE-4 Ground Research and Application System Director Chunlai Li (). They talked about the scientific expectations and future plans of China's lunar and deep space exploration.

Why China is Fixated on the Moon

2014 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 22-23
Author(s):  
David Shukman
Keyword(s):  
Solar Power ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Deep Space ◽  
Chinese Scientist ◽  
Deep Space Exploration ◽  
Helium 3 ◽  
Foreign Media ◽  
First Interview

The Moon could be a "beautiful" source of minerals and energy, a top Chinese scientist has told the BBC. Exotic materials including helium-3 and the potential for solar power could prove invaluable for humankind, he says. The comments come from Prof Ouyang Ziyuan of the department of lunar and deep space exploration. His first interview with the foreign media provides insights into China's usually secretive space programme.

scholarly journals A Self-Replicating Radiation-Shield for Human Deep-Space Exploration: Radiotrophic Fungi can Attenuate Ionizing Radiation aboard the International Space Station

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham K. Shunk ◽  
Xavier R. Gomez ◽  
Nils J. H. Averesch
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Radiation Environment ◽  
Radiation Shield ◽  
Deep Space ◽  
International Space ◽  
Deep Space Exploration

AbstractThe greatest hazard for humans on deep-space exploration missions is radiation. To protect astronauts venturing out beyond Earth’s protective magnetosphere and sustain a permanent presence on Moon and/or Mars, advanced passive radiation protection is highly sought after. Due to the complex nature of space radiation, there is likely no one-size-fits-all solution to this problem, which is further aggravated by up-mass restrictions. In search of innovative radiation-shields, biotechnology holds unique advantages such as suitability for in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), self-regeneration, and adaptability. Certain fungi thrive in high-radiation environments on Earth, such as the contamination radius of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Analogous to photosynthesis, these organisms appear to perform radiosynthesis, using pigments known as melanin to convert gamma-radiation into chemical energy. It is hypothesized that these organisms can be employed as a radiation shield to protect other lifeforms. Here, growth of Cladosporium sphaerospermum and its capability to attenuate ionizing radiation, was studied aboard the International Space Station (ISS) over a time of 30 days, as an analog to habitation on the surface of Mars. At full maturity, radiation beneath a ≈ 1.7 mm thick lawn of the melanized radiotrophic fungus (180° protection radius) was 2.17±0.35% lower as compared to the negative control. Estimations based on linear attenuation coefficients indicated that a ∼ 21 cm thick layer of this fungus could largely negate the annual dose-equivalent of the radiation environment on the surface of Mars, whereas only ∼ 9 cm would be required with an equimolar mixture of melanin and Martian regolith. Compatible with ISRU, such composites are promising as a means to increase radiation shielding while reducing overall up-mass, as is compulsory for future Mars-missions.

scholarly journals Problems of Adequacy of the Model Hypo Gravity of the Moon and Mars

2019 ◽  
pp. 62-79
Author(s):  
V.A. Akulov ◽  
V.L. Balakin
Keyword(s):  
Space Exploration ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Earth Gravity ◽  
Deep Space Exploration ◽  
Peripheral Hemodynamics ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
National Programs ◽  
Inclined Planes ◽  
Therapy Treatment

The methodology of indirect assessing the adequacy of the model hypo gravity of the Moon and Mars is proposed. The urgency of the problem is due to the tasks set in the national programs of deep space exploration (expeditions to planets) of a number of countries, the lack of the possibility of applying direct methods for assessing adequacy and expanding the scale of gravity therapy (treatment of ischemia). The short-radius centrifuges and inclined planes, that is, devices differing in the principle of action, were chosen as generators of hypo gravity what is important for indirect assessing the similarities and differences of models and real conditions. Earth gravity was chosen as the standard. The results of the experiments were compared with the regularities of hydromechanics and generalized by regression analysis methods. It has been established that the effect of hypo gravity and weightlessness on human peripheral hemodynamics is largely identical.

Network-Coding-Based Mutually Cooperative Transmission in Deep Space Communications

2014 ◽  
Vol 721 ◽  
pp. 674-677
Author(s):  
Xue Lu Yao ◽  
Xiao Ran Zhu ◽  
Pu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Network Coding ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Cooperative Transmission ◽  
Transmission Protocol ◽  
Deep Space ◽  
Space Communications ◽  
Deep Space Exploration ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption

In deep space exploration, spacecrafts need to deliver large volume of time-insensitive scientific data to deep space station. However, power supply of spacecrafts is only from the solar energy and battery. That is to say, these spacecrafts are energy-limited. In order to reduce energy consumption, prolong the life of spacecrafts and send more data, the transmission protocol must be efficient and low-energy-waste. To achieve the aim, this paper proposes a network-coding-based mutually cooperative transmission protocol (NMCTP). Compared with the known protocols, i.e., COPE protocol and repeating transmission protocol, NMCTP can achieve higher diversity gain, and lower system outage probability.

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