Methodology of estimating the number of inhabitants to assess the population exposure to environmental noise in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (2) ◽  
pp. 4312-4321
Author(s):  
Shota Suda ◽  
Akiko Sugahara ◽  
Yasuhiro Hiraguri ◽  
Kazunori Harada ◽  
Takuya Oshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Method ◽  
Environmental Noise ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Geospatial Information ◽  
Risk Assessment Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Web Scraping ◽  
Privacy Violation ◽  
Limited Accuracy

Population exposure has been used in the risk assessment process for environmental noise. The number of inhabitants is essential data for the evaluation of population exposure. However, such data is not opened to the public to prevent privacy violation. There are several existing methods for the estimation of the number of habitants, but only with limited accuracy. The purpose of this study is to propose a more accurate method for estimating the number of inhabitants using web scraping techniques and numerical maps issued by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. The number of inhabitants is estimated from the number of households and the census. The number of households is calculated based on the total number of housing that is extracted from using web scraping techniques. The proposed method is found to present a better accuracy of the number of inhabitants for the detached houses while the estimation for apartment houses should be still improved.

Hormesis: how it could affect the risk assessment process

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
E J Calabrese ◽  
R R Cook
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Response Model ◽  
Risk Assessment Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Threshold Process

If the hormetic dose-response were accepted as the default dose-response model for risk assessment it could have important implications for environmental exposure standards for noncarcinogens and especially for carcinogens. Most notably it would lead to the recognition that carcinogens act via a threshold process rejecting the concept of linearity at low doses. The hormetic concept also provides agencies with a broader range of toxicologically-based exposure options, which permit a consideration for avoiding harm, as well as possibly enhancing benefits for both normal and high risk segments of the population. By dismissing hormesis, regulatory agencies such as EPA deny the public the opportunity for optimal health and avoidance of disease.

scholarly journals An estimation method for the fuel burn and other performance characteristics of civil transport aircraft during cruise: part 2, determining the aircraft’s characteristic parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (1284) ◽  
pp. 296-340
Author(s):  
D.I.A. Poll ◽  
U. Schumann
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
Transport Aircraft ◽  
The Public ◽  
Engine Thrust ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Burn Rate ◽  
Drag Ratio ◽  
Independent Parameters

ABSTRACTA simple yet physically comprehensive and accurate method for the estimation of the cruise fuel burn rate of turbofan powered transport aircraft operating in a general atmosphere was developed in part 1. The method is built on previously published work showing that suitable normalisation reduces the governing relations to a set of near-universal curves. However, to apply the method to a specific aircraft, values must be assigned to six independent parameters and the more accurate these values are the more accurate the estimates will be. Unfortunately, some of these parameters rarely appear in the public domain. Consequently, a scheme for their estimation is developed herein using basic aerodynamic theory and data correlations. In addition, the basic method is extended to provide estimates for cruise lift-to-drag ratio, engine thrust and engine overall efficiency. This step requires the introduction of two more independent parameters, increasing the total number from six to eight. An error estimate and sensitivity analysis indicates that, in the aircraft’s normal operating range and using the present results, estimates of fuel burn rate are expected to be in error by no more than 5% in the majority of cases. Initial estimates of the characteristic parameters have been generated for 53 aircraft types and engine combinations and a table is provided.

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