Digital information interchange in the insurance industry. Transfer of electronic documents

Purpose ”“ The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the problems of legal regulation of relations in the field of electronic document management. Methodology/approach/design ”“ The paper employs methods of comparative law and analytical, which determine the possibility of integrating international standards for the regulation of electronic document flow. Findings ”“ Electronic document flow is becoming an integral part of the most diverse areas of economic activity of any enterprise. The document flow contains elements of the general law of regulation and reaffirms the necessity of following specific instructions. Its electronic form allows the information interchange between subjects of economical and legal activity. This defines the possibility of the formation of a separate branch of legal regulation in the document flow. The possibility of the structuring and correlation of an informational and another branch of the law for the aim of complex usage of an electronic document flow is viewed as a separate aspect. Practical implications ”“ Material of the article may be useful in matters of regulation of the legislative system of document management. Originality/value ”“ The novelty of the study is that the article examined in detail the mechanism of electronic document management in different countries.

On-line image readout in CTEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100169730 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 400-401

Author(s):

K.-H. Herrmann ◽

W. D. Rau ◽

R. Sikeler

Keyword(s):

Primary Electron ◽

Digital Information ◽

Electron Hole ◽

Detection Technology ◽

Long Time ◽

On Line ◽

Electron Image ◽

Optical Transfer ◽

Detection Quantum Efficiency ◽

Technical Solutions

Quantitative recording of electron patterns and their rapid conversion into digital information is an outstanding goal which the photoplate fails to solve satisfactorily. For a long time, LLL-TV cameras have been used for EM adjustment but due to their inferior pixel number they were never a real alternative to the photoplate. This situation has changed with the availability of scientific grade slow-scan charged coupled devices (CCD) with pixel numbers exceeding 106, photometric accuracy and, by Peltier cooling, both excellent storage and noise figures previously inaccessible in image detection technology. Again the electron image is converted into a photon image fed to the CCD by some light optical transfer link. Subsequently, some technical solutions are discussed using the detection quantum efficiency (DQE), resolution, pixel number and exposure range as figures of merit.A key quantity is the number of electron-hole pairs released in the CCD sensor by a single primary electron (PE) which can be estimated from the energy deposit ΔE in the scintillator,

Impairment Questions and Answers

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1997.marapr03 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 4-5

Keyword(s):

Insurance Industry ◽

Organized Labor ◽

Injured Workers ◽

Disability Benefits ◽

Uniform System ◽

Questions And Answers

Abstract Controversy attends use of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) in defining injured workers’ permanent partial disability benefits: States desire an efficient, nonsubjective way to determine benefits for nonscheduled injuries and are using the AMA Guides to define the extent of disability. Organized labor is concerned that use of the AMA Guides, particularly with modifications, does not yield a fair analysis of an injured worker's disability. From its first issue, The Guides Newsletter emphatically emphasized and clearly stated that impairment percentages derived according to AMA Guides criteria should not be used to make direct financial awards or direct estimates of disability. The insurance industry and organized labor differ about the use of the AMA Guides in defining permanent partial disability (PPD). Insurers support use of the AMA Guides because they seek a uniform system that minimizes subjectivity in determining benefits. Organized labor is particularly concerned about the lack of fairness of directly equating impairment and disability, and if the rating plays a role in defining disability, additional issues also must be considered. More states are likely to use the AMA Guides with incorporation of additional features such as an index to PPD.