scholarly journals Markov Process in Varying Value in Production by Machinery with Two Components

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3411-3414
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Markov Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Component Failure ◽  
Expected Cost ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
Steady State Probabilities

In this paper production and availability of machinery for production are considered. Here a machinery of production with two components is considered and that production is full when the machinery is working with both the components functioning well. But there is a chance that the whole machinery may dysfunction because of failure of both components in which case the production comes to a standstill and it is worst crisis. The other possibility is that one of the components may fail but still the machine continues functioning but with less efficiency. The production may continue and if the other component also fails the production completely stops and the situation is critical. When the machine is in one component failure, the failed part may be a repaired and machine can be made to work with full efficiency. But when both components fail, should be renewed as a package and then the production should start. Under such conditions found the steady state probabilities and the rate of crisis and the expected cost of production.

Optimal search for a randomly moving object

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 708-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Markov Process ◽  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Moving Object ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimal Search ◽  
Expected Cost

It is desired to minimize the expected cost of finding an object which moves back and forth between two locations according to an unobservable Markov process. When the object is in location i (i = 1, 2) it resides there for a time which is exponentially distributed with parameter λ1 and then moves to the other location. The location of the object is not known and at each instant until it is found exactly one of the two locations must be searched. Searching location i for time δ costs ciδ and conditional on the object being in location i there is a probability αiδ + o(δ) that this search will find it. The probability that the object starts in location 1 is known to bé p1(0). The location to be searched at time t is to be chosen on the basis of the value of p1(t), the probability that the object is in location 1, given that it has not yet been discovered. We prove that there exists a threshold Π such that the optimal policy may be described as: search location 1 if and only if the probability that the object is in location 1 is greater than Π. Expressions for the threshold Π are given in terms of the parameters of the model.

scholarly journals An integrated Bayesian–Markovian framework for ascertaining cost of executing quality improvement programs in manufacturing industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1229-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit Goswami ◽  
Gopal Kumar ◽  
Abhijeet Ghadge
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Expected Cost ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cost Of Quality ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Quality Improvement Programs ◽  
Steady State Probabilities

Purpose Typically, the budgetary requirements for executing a supplier’s process quality improvement program are often done in unstructured ways in that quality improvement managers purely use their previous experiences and pertinent historical information. In this backdrop, the purpose of this paper is to ascertain the expected cost of carrying out suppliers’ process quality improvement programs that are driven by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Design/methodology/approach Using inputs from experts who had prior experience executing suppliers’ quality improvement programs and employing the Bayesian theory, transition probabilities to various quality levels from an initial quality level are ascertained. Thereafter, the Markov chain concept enables the authors to determine steady-state probabilities. These steady-state probabilities in conjunction with quality level cost coefficients yield the expected cost of quality improvement programs. Findings The novel method devised in this research is a key contribution of the work. Furthermore, various implications related to experts’ inputs, dynamics related to Markov chain, etc., are discussed. The method is illustrated using a real life of automotive industry in India. Originality/value The research contributes to the extant literature in that a new method of determining the expected cost of quality improvement is proposed. Furthermore, the method would be of value to OEMs and suppliers wherein the quality levels at a given time are the function of quality levels in preceding period(s).

Optimal search for a randomly moving object

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 708-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Markov Process ◽  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Moving Object ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimal Search ◽  
Expected Cost

It is desired to minimize the expected cost of finding an object which moves back and forth between two locations according to an unobservable Markov process. When the object is in location i (i = 1, 2) it resides there for a time which is exponentially distributed with parameter λ1 and then moves to the other location. The location of the object is not known and at each instant until it is found exactly one of the two locations must be searched. Searching location i for time δ costs ciδ and conditional on the object being in location i there is a probability α i δ + o(δ) that this search will find it. The probability that the object starts in location 1 is known to bé p 1(0). The location to be searched at time t is to be chosen on the basis of the value of p 1(t), the probability that the object is in location 1, given that it has not yet been discovered. We prove that there exists a threshold Π such that the optimal policy may be described as: search location 1 if and only if the probability that the object is in location 1 is greater than Π. Expressions for the threshold Π are given in terms of the parameters of the model.

scholarly journals Maximization of availability of 1-out-of-2:G repairable dependent system

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 717-720
Author(s):  
B. H. Joshi ◽  
A. D. Dharmadhikari
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Lower Bound ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Component Failure ◽  
Component System ◽  
Component Failure Rates ◽  
Repair Facility

The IFR property of the stochastic process governing a one-component system supported by an inactive standby and a repair facility when the lifetime of one component and the repair time of the other component are dependent, is established. We solve the problem of selecting repair rates to maximize the steady-state availability for given component failure rates when a lower bound for the MTBF and upper bounds for the steady-state expected number of repairs of the components per unit time and expected number of failures of the system per unit time are given.

scholarly journals Steady State In A Markov Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Lowenthal ◽  
Massoud Malek
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Markov Process ◽  
Linear System ◽  
Equilibrium Distribution ◽  
Homogeneous Equation ◽  
Original System ◽  
Infinitely Many Solutions ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The One ◽  
Steady State Probabilities

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 44.1pt 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">It is well known that a Markov process whose transition matrix is regular approaches a steady-state distribution, or equilibrium distribution. To find these steady-state probabilities requires the solution of a system of linear homogenous equations. However, the matrix of this system is singular and thus the system has infinitely many solutions. This obstacle is overcome by replacing one of the equations of the linear homogenous system by the linear non-homogeneous equation that simply expresses the requirement that the steady-state probabilities sum to one. But which equation of the original system should be chosen to be the one replaced. This brief article demonstrates that any of the equations of the original linear system can be selected as the one to be replaced; no matter which one is selected for replacement; the revised linear system will have the same unique solution.</span></span></p>

scholarly journals Maximization of availability of 1-out-of-2:G repairable dependent system

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Joshi ◽  
A. D. Dharmadhikari
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Lower Bound ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Component Failure ◽  
Component System ◽  
Component Failure Rates ◽  
Repair Facility

The IFR property of the stochastic process governing a one-component system supported by an inactive standby and a repair facility when the lifetime of one component and the repair time of the other component are dependent, is established. We solve the problem of selecting repair rates to maximize the steady-state availability for given component failure rates when a lower bound for the MTBF and upper bounds for the steady-state expected number of repairs of the components per unit time and expected number of failures of the system per unit time are given.

Fidelity of J1269 and J24523

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Popio ◽  
John R. Luchini
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reference Condition ◽  
Test Standards

Abstract This study compares data from the two Society of Automotive Engineers test methods for rolling resistance: J-2452 (Stepwise Coast-Down) and J-1269 (Equilibrium) steady state. The ability of the two methods to evaluate tires was examined by collecting data for 12 tires. The data were analyzed and the data showed that the two methods ranked the tires the same after the data were regressed and the rolling resistance magnitude was calculated at the Standard Reference Condition. In addition, analysis of the two methods using this matched set of testing provided an opportunity to evaluate each of these test standards against the other. It was observed that each test has merits absent from the other.

scholarly journals Receptor-operated Ca2+ channels in gastric parietal cells: gastrin and carbachol induce Ca2+ influx in depleting intracellular Ca2+ stores

1993 ◽  
Vol 289 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Roche ◽  
J P Bali ◽  
R Magous
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Parietal Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bivalent Cation ◽  
Gtp Binding ◽  
Gastric Parietal Cells ◽  
Type Receptor ◽  
Ca2 Channels ◽  
Stimulation Of

The mechanism whereby gastrin-type receptor and muscarinic M3-type receptor regulate free intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was studied in rabbit gastric parietal cells stimulated by either gastrin or carbachol. Both agonists induced a biphasic [Ca2+]i response: a transient [Ca2+]i rise, followed by a sustained steady state depending on extracellular Ca2+. Gastrin and carbachol also caused a rapid and transient increase in Mn2+ influx (a tracer for bivalent-cation entry). Pre-stimulation of cells with one agonist drastically decreased both [Ca2+]i increase and Mn2+ influx induced by the other. Neither diltiazem nor pertussistoxin treatment had any effect on agonist-stimulated Mn2+ entry. Thapsigargin, a Ca(2+)-pump inhibitor, induced a biphasic [Ca2+]i increase, and enhanced the rate of Mn2+ entry. Preincubation of cells with thapsigargin inhibits the [Ca2+]i increase as well as Mn2+ entry stimulated by gastrin or by carbachol. Thapsigargin induced a weak but significant increase in Ins(1,4,5)P3 content, but this agent had no effect on the agonist-evoked Ins(1,4,5)P3 response. In permeabilized parietal cells, Ins(1,4,5)P3 and caffeine caused an immediate Ca2+ release from intracellular pools, followed by a reloading of Ca2+ pools which can be prevented in the presence of thapsigargin. We conclude that (i) gastrin and carbachol mobilize common Ca2+ intracellular stores, (ii) Ca2+ permeability secondary to receptor activation involves neither a voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel nor a GTP-binding protein from the G1 family, and (iii) agonists regulate common Ca2+ channels in depleting intracellular Ca2+ stores.

POVERTY TRAPS AND INFERIOR GOODS IN A DYNAMIC HECKSCHER–OHLIN MODEL

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1227-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric W. Bond ◽  
Kazumichi Iwasa ◽  
Kazuo Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Steady State ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Steady States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poverty Traps ◽  
Poverty Trap ◽  
Multiple Steady States ◽  
The World ◽  
State Capital

We extend the dynamic Heckscher–Ohlin model in Bond et al. [Economic Theory(48, 171–204, 2011)] and show that if the labor-intensive good is inferior, then there may exist multiple steady states in autarky and poverty traps can arise. Poverty traps for the world economy, in the form of Pareto-dominated steady states, are also shown to exist. We show that the opening of trade can have the effect of pulling the initially poorer country out of a poverty trap, with both countries having steady state capital stocks exceeding the autarky level. However, trade can also pull an initially richer country into a poverty trap. These possibilities are a sharp contrast with dynamic Heckscher–Ohlin models with normality in consumption, where the country with the larger (smaller) capital stock than the other will reach a steady state where the level of welfare is higher (lower) than in the autarkic steady state.

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