scholarly journals Exploring the Science of Marma - An Ancient Healing Technique: Definition and Properties of Marma

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 46-63
Author(s):  
Alka Mishra ◽  
Vandana Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Pain Disability ◽  
Detailed Explanation ◽  
Function Loss ◽  
Anatomical Correlation ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Life Force

In the vast sea of the knowledge of Ayurveda, Marma is one of the extremely important topics. Marma points have been unanimously accepted as the ‘seats of life’ (Prana - the vital life force). If these locations are injured, then it may lead to severe pain, disability, loss of function, loss of sensation, or death. Therefore, the ancient scriptures have strictly directed that these vital locations should not be injured, and due care should be taken in this regard even while doing surgeries. However, recent researches indicate that if there is inflammation or pain at any Marma point, then stimulating its nearby Marma points can help in alleviating this pain. This Marma Therapy has been used in treating various physical and mental disorders, with encouraging results. In view of the importance of Marma Science mentioned in scriptures and with regards to surgeries, as well as the encouraging outcomes of Marma Therapy in recent times, the present study was undertaken for an in-depth study of the Science of Marma. Part-1 of this study gave an account of various ancient / classical Indian scriptures that mention different aspects of the Science of Marma. The present article, which is Part-2 of this study, gives a detailed description of the number of marmas, their location, structures involved, correlation with Panchamahabhutas, classification, as well as a detailed explanation of marmaghata or viddha lakshanas (effect of trauma), as given in classical texts written during Samhita kala. The anatomical correlation with modern science is also presented.

scholarly journals Exploring the Science of Marma - An Ancient Healing Technique - Part 2: Definition and Properties of Marma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alka Mishra ◽  
Vandana Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Pain Disability ◽  
Detailed Explanation ◽  
Function Loss ◽  
Anatomical Correlation ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Life Force

In the vast sea of the knowledge of Ayurveda, Marma is one of the extremely important topics. Marma points have been unanimously accepted as the ‘seats of life’ (Prana - the vital life force). If these locations are injured, then it may lead to severe pain, disability, loss of function, loss of sensation, or death. Therefore, the ancient scriptures have strictly directed that these vital locations should not be injured, and due care should be taken in this regard even while doing surgeries. However, recent researches indicate that if there is inflammation or pain at any Marma point, then stimulating its nearby Marma points can help in alleviating this pain. This Marma Therapy has been used in treating various physical and mental disorders, with encouraging results. In view of the importance of Marma Science mentioned in scriptures and with regards to surgeries, as well as the encouraging outcomes of Marma Therapy in recent times, the present study was undertaken for an in-depth study of the Science of Marma. Part-1 of this study gave an account of various ancient / classical Indian scriptures that mention different aspects of the Science of Marma. The present article, which is Part-2 of this study, gives a detailed description of the number of marmas, their location, structures involved, correlation with Panchamahabhutas, classification, as well as a detailed explanation of marmaghata or viddha lakshanas (effect of trauma), as given in classical texts written during Samhita kala. The anatomical correlation with modern science is also presented.

scholarly journals Exploring the Science of Marma - An Ancient Healing Technique - Part 1: Its Mention in Ancient Indian Scriptures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alka Mishra ◽  
Vandana Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Severe Pain ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Therapeutic Procedure ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Pain Disability ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Function Loss ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Life Force

Marma is an extremely important topic discussed in Ayurveda. Marma point is defined as anatomical site where muscles, veins, ligaments, bones and joints meet together. These are very important vital places, that are the ‘seats of life’ (Prana - the vital life force). Any injury to these parts may lead to severe pain, disability, loss of function, loss of sensation and death. Therefore, it has been stated in scriptures that these vital points should not be injured, and should be kept intact even while doing surgeries.However, recent researches indicate that if any Marma point is inflamed or painful, then stimulating its nearby Marma points can help in alleviating this pain. Several studies and texts have reported the therapeutic benefits of Marma Therapy in treating various physical and mental disorders. Looking at the importance of Marma Science with regards to surgeries, as well as their recent use and future possibilities as an effective therapeutic procedure, the present study was undertaken for an in-depth study of the Science of Marma. The present article, which is Part-1 of this study, gives an account of various ancient / classical Indian scriptures, including the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, Epics, Samhitas, etc., that mention different aspects of the Science of Marma. Both the spiritual aspects and complete anatomical description of Marmas are available in these scriptures. It is observed that the knowledge of Marmas was being extensively used for various purposes like warfare, self-defense, surgery, etc., ever since the Vedic age.

scholarly journals Exploring the Science of Marma - An Ancient Healing Technique: Its mention in Ancient Indian Scriptures

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Alka Mishra ◽  
Vandana Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Severe Pain ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Pain Disability ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Function Loss ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Life Force

The complex science of Marma holds an extremely important place in Ayurveda. The Marmas are specific anatomical locations in body through which vital life/bio energies of the human body flows. To be more specific, a Marma point is defined as an anatomical site where muscles, veins, ligaments, bones and joints meet together. These are very important places, serving as the ‘seats of life’ (Prana - the vital life force). Any injury to these parts may lead to severe pain, disability, loss of function, loss of sensation and death. Therefore, it has been stated in the scriptures that these vital points should not be injured, and should be kept intact even while performing surgeries. Recent research indicate that if any Marma point is inflamed or painful, then stimulating its nearby Marma points can help in alleviating this pain. Several studies and texts have reported the therapeutic benefits of Marma Therapy in treating various physical and mental disorders. Looking at the importance of Marma Science with regards to surgeries, as well as their recent use and future possibilities as an effective therapeutic procedure, the present study was undertaken for an in-depth study of the Science of Marma. The present article, which is Part-1 of this study, gives an account of various ancient / classical Indian scriptures, including the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, Epics, Samhitas, etc., that mention different aspects of the Science of Marma. Both the spiritual aspects and complete anatomical description of Marmas are available in these scriptures. It is observed that the knowledge of Marmas was being extensively used for various purposes like warfare, self-defense, surgery, etc., ever since the Vedic age.

scholarly journals Exploring the Science of Marma - An Ancient Healing Technique - Part 4: Marma Therapy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alka Mishra ◽  
Vandana Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Procedure ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Pain Disability ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Function Loss ◽  
Life Force

Marma Science, an extraordinary gem in the vast treasure of Ayurvedic knowledge, represents the science of specific vital places in the body (Marmas), that are the ‘seats of life’ (Prana - the vital life force). As any injury to these parts may lead to severe pain, disability, loss of function, loss of sensation, or death, therefore, they hold an important place in the science of surgery. The ancient scriptures have strictly prohibited causing any injury to the Marmas. However, recent researches have used Marma stimulation for theraputic benefits, with encouraging outcomes. Looking at these mutually conflicting, important applications of Marma Science, the present study was undertaken for its in-depth analysis. Part-1 of this study explored different aspects of Marma Science in ancient / classical Indian scriptures. Part-2 gave detailed description of the number of Marmas, their location, structures involved, classification, effect of trauma, etc., as per classical texts, as well as correlation with modern science. Part-3 explored its use in Yoga and other ancient Indian traditions, both as a therapeutic technique, as well as for self defense and inflicting injury on the opponents.The present article explored its application as a therapeutic procedure (Marma Therapy). Different methods of Marma stimulation have been compiled. Theraputic classification and applications of Marmas have been listed, and several research studies on Marma Therapy have been presented. Several mechanisms for the mode of action of Marma Therapy have been discussed. It is concluded that Marma Science holds significant promise as an effective therapeutic procedure.

scholarly journals Exploring the Science of Marma - An Ancient Healing Technique - Part 3: Marma in Yoga and Other Ancient Indian Traditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alka Mishra ◽  
Vandana Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Pain Disability ◽  
Martial Art ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Function Loss ◽  
Life Force ◽  
Important Branch ◽  
Stimulation Of

Marma Science is an extremely important branch of Ayurveda. Marma points are important vital places in the body, that are the ‘seats of life’ (Prana - the vital life force). As any injury to these parts may lead to severe pain, disability, loss of function, loss of sensation, or death, therefore, they hold an important place in the science of surgery, wherein they are considered ‘Shalya Vishayardha’ (half of the entire science of surgery). The ancient scriptures have strictly directed against causing any injury to these vital spots. However, recent researches have attempted the stimulation of Marma points for theraputic benefits, with encouraging outcomes. In view of these mutually conflicting, importance applications of Marma Science, the present study was undertaken for its in-depth study.Part-1 of this study presented the information about different aspects of Marma Science in various ancient / classical Indian scriptures. Part-2 gave a detailed description of the number of marmas, their location, structures involved, classification, effect of trauma, etc., as per classical texts, as well as correlation with modern science.The present article, which is part-3 of this study, explores the use of Marma Science in Yoga and other ancient Indian traditions. It is observed that various Yogic practices had been devised with the primary aim of stimulating specific Marma points, with important healing applications. Several ancient Indian traditions used Marma Science both as a martial art for self defense and inflicting injury on the opponents, and as a therapeutic technique for healing purposes.

Development of a Tibial Slider to Evaluate and Validate a Finite Element Model for Friction in Total Knee Implants

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Nowak ◽  
Kenneth Shaw ◽  
Courtland Lewis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Knee Replacement ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Element Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Joint Disorder ◽  
Total Knee

Abstract More than 200,000 people in the United States annually undergo knee replacement as a means of diminishing pain and stiffness and restoring mobility, and the number is expected to increase with further advancements in joint replacement procedures [Duke, 1999]. Total knee replacement is performed on people with severe degenerative joint disorder such as osteoarthritis in which the articular surfaces of the knee deteriorate, leading to severe pain, limitation or loss of function and/or deformity of the joint.

scholarly journals A de novo variant in CASK gene causing intellectual disability and brain hypoplasia: A Case Report and Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Yanyan Nie ◽  
Yu Mu ◽  
Jie Zheng ◽  
Xiaowei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
De Novo Mutation ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Bioinformatics Analyses ◽  
Whole Exome ◽  
De Novo Variant

Abstract Background：The pathogenic variation of CASK gene can cause CASK related mental disorders. The main clinical manifestations are microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia, X-linked mental disorders with or without nystagmus and FG syndrome. The main pathogenic mechanism is the loss of function of related protein caused by mutation. We reported a Chinese male newborn with a de novo variant in CASK gene. Case presentation：We present an 18-day-old baby with intellectual disability and brain hypoplasia. Whole-exome sequencing was performed, which detected a hemizygous missense mutation c.764G>A of CASK gene. The mutation changed the 255th amino acid from Arg to His. Software based bioinformatics analyses were conducted to infer its functional effect.Conclusions：In this paper, a de novo mutation of CASK gene was reported. Moreover, a detailed description of all the cases described in the literature is reported.CASK mutations cause a variety of clinical phenotypes. Its diagnosis is difficult due to the lack of typical clinical symptoms. Genetic testing should be performed as early as possible if this disease is suspected. This case provides an important reference for the diagnosis and treatment of future cases.

scholarly journals Sequential Activation and Inactivation of Dishevelled in the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway by Casein Kinases

2011 ◽  
Vol 286 (12) ◽  
pp. 10396-10410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondrej Bernatik ◽  
Ranjani Sri Ganji ◽  
Jacomijn P. Dijksterhuis ◽  
Peter Konik ◽  
Igor Cervenka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Mechanism ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Casein Kinase 1 ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Pathway Activation ◽  
Function Loss ◽  
Domain Mapping ◽  
Casein Kinases ◽  
Sequential Activation

Dishevelled (Dvl) is a key component in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Dvl can multimerize to form dynamic protein aggregates, which are required for the activation of downstream signaling. Upon pathway activation by Wnts, Dvl becomes phosphorylated to yield phosphorylated and shifted (PS) Dvl. Both activation of Dvl in Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Wnt-induced PS-Dvl formation are dependent on casein kinase 1 (CK1) δ/ϵ activity. However, the overexpression of CK1 was shown to dissolve Dvl aggregates, and endogenous PS-Dvl forms irrespective of whether or not the activating Wnt triggers the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Using a combination of gain-of-function, loss-of-function, and domain mapping approaches, we attempted to solve this discrepancy regarding the role of CK1ϵ in Dvl biology. We analyzed mutual interaction of CK1δ/ϵ and two other Dvl kinases, CK2 and PAR1, in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We show that CK2 acts as a constitutive kinase whose activity is required for the further action of CK1ϵ. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the two consequences of CK1ϵ phosphorylation are separated both spatially and functionally; first, CK1ϵ-mediated induction of TCF/LEF-driven transcription (associated with dynamic recruitment of Axin1) is mediated via a PDZ-proline-rich region of Dvl. Second, CK1ϵ-mediated formation of PS-Dvl is mediated by the Dvl3 C terminus. Furthermore, we demonstrate with several methods that PS-Dvl has decreased ability to polymerize with other Dvls and could, thus, act as the inactive signaling intermediate. We propose a multistep and multikinase model for Dvl activation in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway that uncovers a built-in de-activation mechanism that is triggered by activating phosphorylation of Dvl by CK1δ/ϵ.

scholarly journals ABHD4-dependent developmental anoikis protects the prenatal brain from pathological insults

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsófia I. László ◽  
Zsolt Lele ◽  
Miklós Zöldi ◽  
Vivien Miczán ◽  
Fruzsina Mógor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Fetal Alcohol ◽  
Brain Malformations ◽  
Function Loss ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Metabolizing Enzyme ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

AbstractIn light of the astronomical number of cell divisions taking place in restricted neurogenic niches, brain malformations caused by ectopic proliferation of misplaced progenitor cells are surprisingly rare. Here, we show that a process we term developmental anoikis distinguishes the abnormal detachment of progenitor cells from the normal delamination of daughter neuroblasts in the developing mouse neocortex. By using in vivo gain-of-function, loss-of-function, and rescue manipulations together with correlated confocal and super-resolution imaging, we identify the endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzyme abhydrolase domain containing 4 (ABHD4) as an essential mediator for the elimination of abnormally detached cells. Consequently, rapid ABHD4 downregulation is necessary for delaminated daughter neuroblasts to escape from anoikis. Moreover, ABHD4 is required for fetal alcohol-induced apoptosis, but not for the well-established form of developmentally controlled programmed cell death. These results suggest that ABHD4-mediated developmental anoikis specifically protects the embryonic brain from the consequences of sporadic delamination errors and teratogenic insults.

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