scholarly journals Reproduction of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema feltiae) on different insect hosts under laboratory conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-174
Author(s):  
D. Sigareva ◽  
V. Kharchenko
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Sterile Soil ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Wax Moth

Goal. To identify the effectiveness of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema feltiae isolate with a biological product «Entonem» ™ Copert) on the larvae and adults of different insect pests at various ways of their infection, and to explore the possibility of generating a significant amount of the invasive larvae of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN). Research methods. The material for our study is the 7 types of test insects: larvae of the large and the small wax moth, castaneum flour, gyroscope, common cabbage butterfly, Kovalik pilosula, as well as the may beetle, which was used stage larvae, as well as individuals of adult beetles (imago). All the studied insects infected with EPN (pathogen — Steinernema feltiae with biopreparation «Entonem» (™Koppert)) in the laboratory on filter paper or in sterile soil. Recorded date of infection and death of insects and counted the number of allocated of each type of insect infective larvae of nematodes. Estimated duration of migration and reproductive potential of different test insects. Results. The use of different methods of infection (dry contact parasite and insect hosts on filter paper or by making a dose in sterile soil, which was placed insect-host) at a dose of 50 larvae per one insect, showed that in half of the cases a significant difference between them is not detected. However, castaneum flour, Kovalik pilosula and ordinary spinning top, the best was the method of contamination in the Petri dishes, and adults of the may beetle — in groundwater samples. The duration of the process of migration of larvae of the entomopathogenic nematodes from the cadavers of insect hosts ranged from 27—51 day and were more dependent on the insect host than from its method of infection. A short period of migration of the larvae of large and small wax moth (27—36 days), long (35—45) from larvae of a top common and castaneum flour, the longest period of time (48—51 hours) — larvae of cabbage butterflies and a beetle may. Performance in relation to the amount of the newly formed infective larvae determines the insect host. Among the investigated 7-insects-the home of highest performance was observed in the may beetle (115980—120060 larvae) and the cabbage (93440—97880 larvae). Less productive was the great wax moth, the flour castaneum and the grasshopper pelousy (respectively 26880 ± 420; 34500 ± 430; 32400 ± 673).Less productive are the common top, the May beetle (imago) and the small wax moth, in which from 15640 to 26880 invasive larvae were formed. Findings. In laboratory conditions, without significant material costs, you can get a sufficient number of entomopathogenic nematodes. The method of directly introducing entomopathogenic nematodes onto test insects in Petri dishes proved to be the best compared to soil invasion. The duration and volume of migration of larvae of entomopathogenic nematodes is determined mainly by the species of host insects. The shortest migration period was recorded in wax moth larvae (small and large), significantly longer (almost 1.5 times) in the larvae of May beetle and cabbage. The most productive in relation to juvenile larvae of EPN were the cabbage and the larvae of the May beetle, and the least productive ones were the common top, May beetle (imago) and small wax moth.

Effect of recycling temperature on the infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 2137-2141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganpat B. Jagdale ◽  
Roger Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Wax Moth

Four strains of entomopathogenic nematodes were recycled in vivo for 2 years at temperatures ranging from 10 to 25 °C, then the infectivity of their infective juveniles was compared. Infectivity was examined by measuring LC50 values for wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae at bioassay temperatures ranging from 5 to 25 °C. Of the four strains examined, only the Umeå and NF strains of Steinernema feltiae that had been recycled at 10 °C infected and killed the insects at a bioassay temperature of 5 °C. The Steinernema carpocapsae All and Steinernema riobravis TX strains were infective at 10 °C only when the recycling temperature was ≤ 20 °C. The infectivity of the two strains of S. feltiae at 10 or 15 °C was compromised by propagating them at higher temperatures (20–25 °C). The Umeå strain of S. feltiae displayed an impaired capacity to infect hosts at higher temperatures (20–25 °C) when recycled at lower (≤ 15 °C) temperatures. The capacity of these nematodes to adjust to different recycling temperatures is discussed in relation to their infectivity in different field situations.

Can pre-colonisation of the soil substrate increase the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)?

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Štěpánka Radová
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Soil Substrate ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Positive Effect

Can pre-colonisation of the soil substrate increase the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)?The effects of soil pre-colonisation with entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae and S. arenarium on the mortality of Tenebrio molitor larvae were tested under laboratory conditions. The soil was inhabited with the nematodes for 7 days prior to the addition of the larvae. Nematode concentrations of 50 and 500 infective juveniles per box were used. S. carpocapsae reacted to pre-colonisation negatively and the efficacy decreased at the concentrations tested. S. arenarium showed generally low efficacy against Tenebrio molitor larvae and pre-colonisation showed only a slight positive effect on the efficacy of this species. S. feltiae increased its efficacy at the concentration of 500 infective juveniles per box compared with other tested nematodes.

scholarly journals Nematobacterial Complexes and Insect Hosts: Different Weapons for the Same War

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Brivio ◽  
Maristella Mastore
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Immune Pathways

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are widely used as biological control agents against insect pests, the efficacy of these organisms strongly depends on the balance between the parasitic strategies and the immune response of the host. This review summarizes roles and relationships between insect hosts and two well-known EPN species, Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema carpocapsae and outlines the main mechanisms of immune recognition and defense of insects. Analyzing information and findings about these EPNs, it is clear that these two species use shared immunosuppression strategies, mainly mediated by their symbiotic bacteria, but there are differences in both the mechanism of evasion and interference of the two nematodes with the insect host immune pathways. Based on published data, S. feltiae takes advantage of the cross reaction between its body surface and some host functional proteins, to inhibit defensive processes; otherwise, secretion/excretion products from S. carpocapsae seem to be the main nematode components responsible for the host immunosuppression.

Compatibility of acaricides with entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis)

Nematology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 891-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nika Bajc ◽  
Urška Držaj ◽  
Stanislav Trdan ◽  
Žiga Laznik
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Investigation ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Combined Use

To expand our knowledge about the compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) to pesticides, we studied the compatibility of EPN infective juveniles (IJ) to five acaricides under laboratory conditions. Four EPN species were used: Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae, S. kraussei and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The results of our laboratory investigation showed that H. bacteriophora was the most tolerant EPN species and the most sensitive species was S. feltiae. Our observations showed that S. feltiae can be mixed with only two acaricides. The active substance (a.s.) fenpyroximate proved to be the most suitable for mixing with EPN. Fenpyroximate was only lethal to S. feltiae (44% mortality) at 25°C. The mortality of EPN was highest in the a.s. abamectin and pyrethrin. The mortality of EPN was influenced by species, exposure time, a.s. and temperature. The combined use of EPN and acaricides could represent an advantage in integrated plant protection programmes.

Host finding behaviour as a predictor of foraging strategy in entomopathogenic nematodes

Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Grewal ◽  
E. E. Lewis ◽  
R. Gaugler ◽  
J. F. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Foraging Strategy ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Directional Response ◽  
Sand Column ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri ◽  
Volatile Cues

SUMMARYForaging strategies of eight species of entomopathogenic nematodes were predicted from their response to host volatile cues and dispersal behaviour on 2-dimensional substrates. Positive directional response to chemical cues and similar distances travelled on smooth (agar) or nictation substrates (agar overlaid with sand grains) by Heterorhabditis bacterio-phora, Heterorhabditis megidis, Steinernema anomali, and Steinernema glaseri suggest their cruising approach to finding hosts. The absence of directional response and less distance travelled on nictation substrate, than on smooth agar by Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema scapterisci suggest their ambushing mode of foraging. Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema sp. responded directionally to host volatiles, but travelled less distance on the nictation substrate than on smooth agar; the two species also did not nictate. The cruiser species located hosts more effectively in the sand columns, whereas the ambushers were more effective at finding hosts on filter paper. Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema sp. performed equally on filter paper and in the sand column. We conclude that H. bacteriophora, H. megidis, S. anomali and S. glaseri cruise to find hosts, whereas S. carpocapsae and S. scapterisci ambush hosts. Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema sp. are intermediary in the search continuum sharing some characteristics of both ambush and cruise foragers.

scholarly journals THE CONTINUAL FORMING AND CONTRIBUTION OF INFECTIVE JUVENILES PRODUCED VIA ENDOTOKIA MATRICIDA OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES IN THE FAMILY OF STEINERNEMATIDAE AND HETERORHABDITIDAE

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliantoro Baliadi ◽  
E. Kondo ◽  
T. Yoshiga
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
The Family ◽  
Insect Cadaver ◽  
Wax Moth

The non-feeding developmentally arrested infective juveniles (IJs) of entomopathogenic nematodes in the family of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae seek out a susceptible insect host and initiate infections. The aim of the research was to examine the continual<br />forming and contribution of IJs produced via endotokia matricida (IJs-EM) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. carpocapsae. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Nematology of the Saga University, Japan (April 2001-April<br />2002) and the Laboratory of Nematology of the Indonesian Legume and Tuber Crops Research Institute (June 2003-October 2004). The nematode progenies were investigated using the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, pre-inoculated with 50 IJs at 25°C.<br />Results showed that three reproductive adult generations were observed at day 18th. There were 135,000, 128,000 and 133,000 IJs per insect cadaver produced in H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri and S. carpocapsae, respectively. Endotokia matricida contributed a higher number of IJs than that of a normal mode of IJs production. The ratios are 81%, 28% and 64% for H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri, and S. carpocapsae of the IJs total production, respectively. Among the generations, the highest contribution of IJs was come from the<br />third adult generation bearing endotokia matricida, i.e., 63%, 24% and 51% for the three nematode species. Although the IJs-EM were more transparent compared to the normal IJs, they were morphologically similar. The results show that endotokia matricida has a pivotal role in a species maintenance and survival strategy of entomopathogenic nematodes in extreme environmental conditions.

scholarly journals BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF SOME ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES AGAINSTSTELIDOTA GEMINATA (SAY)

Redia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
NIKOLA GRUJIĆ ◽  
BRANIMIR NJEŽIĆ ◽  
ALEXANDROS SOTIRIOS ANIFANTIS ◽  
EUSTACHIO TARASCO
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Sap Beetle ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Insect Mortality ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Biocontrol Potential ◽  
Native Strains

Stelidotageminata(Say)(Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), also known as strawberry sap beetle is considered to be serious pest of strawberry worldwide. Allstages of this pest feed on ripe fruitswhichmakes its control with chemical insecticides extremely difficult. This work was testingsusceptibility of last instar larvae of S. geminatato three, among commerciallythe most commonly used species of entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditisbacteriophora, Stei-nernemacarpocapsaeand Steinernemafeltiae(Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae), including two native strains. The present work was carried out through two typesof the experiments.First experiment was in plastic Petri dishes with the nematodes applied on filter paper. Second one, in attemptto approachto more natural conditions, effect of the entomopathogenic nematodes on insect’smortality was tested in containers filled with sand.Mortality of S. geminatalarvae in Petri dishes in highest nematode concentrations of about 100 infective juveniles per cm2was 90%,82% and 70% for commercial strains of S. carpocapsae, H. bacteriophoraand S. feltiaeand 76% and 64% for H. bacteriophoraand S. feltiae native populations. In containers with sand mortality was higherthan in Petri dishesand the highestrecorded insect mortality with about 50nematodes per cm2was99.5%, 89%, 75.5%, 69% and 66% with commercial strainsS. feltiae,S. carpocapsaeand H. bacteriophora, and native strains H. bacteriophora andS. feltiae,respectively

scholarly journals Diseases and injuries of Himalayan pine seed from culture grown on deposol

2012 ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Vesna Golubović-Ćurguz ◽  
Katarina Mladenović ◽  
Biljana Nikolić ◽  
Snežana Rajković
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Pinus Wallichiana ◽  
Young Forest ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Approximately 100 semi-ripe cones were harvested from a young forest culture of Pinus wallichiana grown on loamy deposol. Opening of cone scales and dropping of seed grains were induced under laboratory conditions. The number of damaged seeds and the type of damage, as well as the total and average number of seeds per cone, were determined on the population and individual levels. The intensity of damage was expressed in percentages. The analyses for determination of the present fungi and the intensity of their attack were conducted by placing the seeds onto a nutritious MEA bed and moist filter paper in Petri dishes. In order to establish the presence of insects, cones with visible damage were collected in the field. These cones were then examined in the laboratory and placed into photoeclectore for further growing.

scholarly journals THE CONTINUAL FORMING AND CONTRIBUTION OF INFECTIVE JUVENILES PRODUCED VIA ENDOTOKIA MATRICIDA OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES IN THE FAMILY OF STEINERNEMATIDAE AND HETERORHABDITIDAE

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliantoro Baliadi ◽  
E. Kondo ◽  
T. Yoshiga
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
The Family ◽  
Insect Cadaver ◽  
Wax Moth

The non-feeding developmentally arrested infective juveniles (IJs) of entomopathogenic nematodes in the family of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae seek out a susceptible insect host and initiate infections. The aim of the research was to examine the continual<br />forming and contribution of IJs produced via endotokia matricida (IJs-EM) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. carpocapsae. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Nematology of the Saga University, Japan (April 2001-April<br />2002) and the Laboratory of Nematology of the Indonesian Legume and Tuber Crops Research Institute (June 2003-October 2004). The nematode progenies were investigated using the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, pre-inoculated with 50 IJs at 25°C.<br />Results showed that three reproductive adult generations were observed at day 18th. There were 135,000, 128,000 and 133,000 IJs per insect cadaver produced in H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri and S. carpocapsae, respectively. Endotokia matricida contributed a higher number of IJs than that of a normal mode of IJs production. The ratios are 81%, 28% and 64% for H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri, and S. carpocapsae of the IJs total production, respectively. Among the generations, the highest contribution of IJs was come from the<br />third adult generation bearing endotokia matricida, i.e., 63%, 24% and 51% for the three nematode species. Although the IJs-EM were more transparent compared to the normal IJs, they were morphologically similar. The results show that endotokia matricida has a pivotal role in a species maintenance and survival strategy of entomopathogenic nematodes in extreme environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Substrates for storing entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Andaló ◽  
Ricardo Sousa Cavalcanti ◽  
Juan Pablo Molina ◽  
Alcides Moino Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Lower Survival ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Phenolic Foam ◽  
Petri Dishes

The survival of entomopathogenic nematodes under laboratory conditions is low. With the aim of evaluating substrates to extend the survival of entomopathogenic nematodes, suspensions of Heterorhabditis sp. JPM4 and Steinernema carpocapsae All (3,000 IJ mL-1) were added to dirt, fine sand, coarse sand, foam, expanded clay, phenolic foam, agar, corn starch, Plantmax®, and water. The substrates were placed on Petri dishes (5 cm) and kept at 16 ± 1°C. Survival evaluations were made after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days, with three replicates. After 180 d, a greater percentage of S. carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJs) were still alive in the foam treatment (57.5%) as compared to other treatments, while expanded clay (28.4%), Plantmax® (9.3%) and phenolic foam (11%) were not effective in maintaining the survival rate. Foam (55.6%), coarse sand (53.1%), and fine sand (50.6%) provided greater Heterorhabditis sp. JPM4 IJ survival at 180 days. Agar (19.3%), phenolic foam (11.6%), and Plantmax® (10.7%) had lower survival indices than the control (29.7%). The use of an appropriate substrate can provide greater IJ survival.

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