Determination of the biological efficiency of microbial transformation of organic substances of champignon substrates using biodestructors and their importance as organic fertilizer of plants

Goal. Determination of the biological effect of microbial transformation of organic substances of mushroom substrates for the use of biodestructors. Methods. The subject of the study was the used waste substrate after growing mushrooms. The biodestructors Extrakon and Bionorma Destructor were used for the transformation of organic substances of champignon substrates. Winter wheat ‘Smuglyanka’ variety was used as a test object. Research methods: biotechnological, biochemical, microbiological, statistical, light microscopy. Results. Scientific research was carried out and the literature data on the study of waste mushroom substrates and their use as an organic fertilizer were summarized. The monitoring of the possibilities was carried out using substrates after mushroom cultivation. The influence of domestic Extrakon and the Bionorma Destructor on spent mushroom substrates was studied. Established the benefits of using microfertilizer Extrakon and Bionorma Destructor on spent champignon substrates when growing agricultural plants using the example of winter wheat. The research results showed that when using an extract from a spent mushroom substrate, the stem length of the model increases 43.15% longer, and the root length is 1.17% longer, compared to distilled water. When we used an extract from a spent mushroom substrate fermented by Extrakon, the stem length of the model object is 25.12% longer, in comparison with the control, it is 79.11% longer. The length of the roots is 35.66% more compared with the use of an extract from an unfermented spent mushroom substrate, compared with the control — 37.24% more. When Destructor Bionorma was used, the growth of the model object is inhibited. Conclusions. Preparation Extrakon with a spent mushroom substrate in plants, the root system increases due to this, and the feeding area increases. This is due to the fact that the preparation Extrakon is designed for introduction into the soil and for its use the beneficial microflora of the soil is activated, transforms the components of the spent liver substrate, which are then absorbed by the plants and positively affect the nutrition of the root system.

Виявлення нових осередків поширення карантинних органiзмів — ґрунтових збудників хвороб картоплі

Мета. Виявити збудників карантинних організмів картоплі — збудника раку та картопляних нематод — зі встановленням ступеня інфекційного навантаження ґрунту збудниками хвороби. Методи. Польові, лабораторні. Зразки ґрунту відбирали у різних осередках поширення хвороб, з фіксуванням геолокації точок відбору GPS-навігатором Garmin eTrex Legend. Відбір зразків для виявлення збудників з однієї ґрунтової проби проводили стандартними методам згідно з ДСТУ 3355-96. Виділяли зооспорангіїв збудника раку та цист золотистої картопляної цистоутворюючої нематоди методом флотації у приладі «РУТА» у розчині натрію йодистого. Життєздатність зооспорангіїв визначали, використовуючи розчин Coomassi blue G-250. Результати. Дослідження, проведені у Карпатському регіоні України у 2019—2020 рр., показали, що в обстежених областях рівень зараженості ґрунту зооспорангіями збудника та цистами картопляної нематоди різний. В осередках поширення збудника у Чернівецькій області навантаження становило 56—68 зооспорангіїв/1 г ґрунту, цист золотистої картопляної нематоди — 14—18. У осередках Закарпатської області виявлено 42—48 зооспорангіїв/1г ґрунту; Івано-Франківської області — 40—45; м. Турка Львівської області — 49; цист нематод — 0. Висновки. Виділення карантинних організмів картоплі з використанням апарату «РУТА» дає змогу водночас виявляти цист золотистої картопляної нематоди та зооспорангіїв збудника раку з однієї ґрунтової проби. Аналіз інфекційного навантаження в осередках поширення раку картоплі та золотистої картопляної нематоди показав, що в обстежених областях рівень зараженості ґрунту збудниками даних хвороб різний.

Formation of biocomplexes based on the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens and substances of a stimulating nature to limit the development of harmful organisms in potatoes

Goal. Selection of combinations of biocomplexes based on Pseudomonas fluorenscens bacteria with stimulant preparations based on various derivatives of ammonium salts of dihydropyrimidine and study of their effectiveness. Methods. Biotechnological methods for the study of bacteria Pseudomonas fluorenscens strain AR-33. The concentration of viable bacteria (CFU/cm3) was determined by the Koch method. Accounts were performed according to generally accepted methods using experimental methods in phytopathology and plant protection. Determined the effectiveness of drugs at different rates of consumption against fungal diseases. Results. Derivatives of ammonium salts of dihydropyrimidine did not show a toxic effect on reducing the concentration of viable cells of strain AR-33 bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens. The best indicators of the weight of 100 seeds and the number of beans in soybean plants showed a combination: Planriz, v.s. (bacteria of strain AR-33 Pseudomonas fluorescens, 3 ќ 10 9 CFU/cm3) (5 l/ha) + 0.1% solution of ximedon + 0.2% solution of succinic acid + 2 ml of DMAE + 2 ml of DMSO. The use of all combinations of biocomplexes showed the effectiveness of drugs against diseases in the range of 59.31—69.63%. With the use of biocomplexes, due to the fungicidal, immunoprotective and stimulating effect, a yield increase of 1.15—1.7 times relative to the control was recorded. The best yield on potatoes (3.4 t/ ha) was provided by the combination Planriz, v.s. (5 l/ha) + 0.1% solution of ximedon + 0.2% solution of succinic acid + 2 ml of DMAE + 2 ml of DMSO. The effectiveness of the drug against late blight was 79.1%. Conclusions. The use of stimulants and excipients DMAE and DMSO as substances that affect various transmembrane functions, provided an increase in the effectiveness of drugs by 8—14% relative to combinations without their use.

Chemical protection of the onion from phytophages in the Right-Bank of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Goal. To monitor the species composition of the harmful entomocomplex of onions and determine the effectiveness of modern insecticides in different ways of their application (spraying and seed treatment). Methods. Laboratory and field studies were carried out according to generally accepted methods and using classical methods of entomology; vario-statistical analysis. Results. It has been established that on the crops of the onion of the onion in the right bank forest-steppe of Ukraine, 11 species of phytophages are dominated by the most numerous: Delia antigua Mg., Trips tabaci Lind., Ceuthorrhynchus jakovlevi Schultze and Eumerus strigatus Fall. Species composition of pests on the hybrids of antelope F1, Dyton F1, Bank F1 and Halkodon varieties and the globe was the same, but the number was significantly different. The hybrids of the foreign selection, the size of the onion flies was at a level of 3.5—12.7 l./р., And on the varieties of Halcodon and the globe — 5.1—16.6 l./р. It was investigated that the technical efficiency of onion seed disinfectants was: Cruiser 350 FS, because — 79.3% and Celeste Top 312.5 FS, TH — 71.7%. The greatest technical efficiency of the tested insecticides against the dominant phytophages with double spraying of onion crops was provided by Engio 247 SC, KS — 78.5% and Lannat, 20 RK — 74.6%. Conclusions. It was found that the use of seed disinfectants drugs Cruiser 350 FS, because (0.15 l/t) and Celest Top 312.5 FS, TN (0.1 l/t) and two treatments with Engio 247SC, KS (0.18 l/ha) provide protection of onion crops from pests and their control, both in the initial stages of development and during the growing season.

Monitoring of regulated quarantine forest pests of the Lepidoptera series using traps

Goal. On the basis of literature data, select methods for identifying regulated quarantine forest pests using traps with pheromones, attracting baits and without them. Methods. The study was based on a search in domestic and foreign literary sources, as well as on the Internet, for data on existing methods for identifying regulated forest pests of the Lepidoptera series using traps. After completing the search, an analysis and generalization of scientific and practical literature on instrumental monitoring of regulated forest pests was carried out. Results. A comprehensive analysis of the literature data showed that the use of traps of various types and configurations is effective to identify quarantine pests of the forest, to which you can add various fillers that can attract a certain type of insect. Pheromone traps trap the target species even if the population is very low. To trap lepidoptera pests, cardboard traps of the «Delta» type, Pherocon®-2, «milk bag» traps and universal traps Uni-traps are used. The use of various traps depends on the biology of the objects under study. For each type of pest, a methodology for the use of traps and the timing of monitoring have been established. Conclusions. Analysis of literature data showed that when monitoring studied regulated forest pests for their timely detection, the most effective method is the use of traps with appropriate attractants. The use of traps makes it possible to obtain operational information about the presence of pests in a certain area, to determine their number and the need for appropriate protective measures.

Effectiveness of modern insecticides in protection of apple planting from red-headed aphides

Goal. To investigate an efficacy of the insecticides Movento 100 SC (spirotetramate, 100 g/l), Sivanto Prime 200 SL (flupiradifuran, 200 g/l) and Transform WG (sulfoxaflor, 500 g/kg) on a reduction of a number and a harmfulness of red-headed or gray apple aphid (Disaphis devecta Walk.) in commercial apple orchards. Methods. A field method, in the commercial apple orchards under the conditions of educational production department of university. A type of apple trees was Golden Delicious. Planting scheme — 4.0 × 3.0 m. Year of planting — 1992. Crown shape — sparsely (improved) — tiered. Rootstock — MM-106. Phases of plant development at application timing — «after blooming, fruit size — up to 20 mm» (BBCH 72). Soil — shallow, low — humus dusty — loamy podzolic leached black soils: humus content — 1.3—2.5%; pH 4.8—5.2; mobile compounds Р2О5 — 130—180 mg/ kg and К2О — 8,9—9,2 mg/kg (by Chirikov method). The measures for care of the experimental site — loosening a soil in the stem strips during the growing period, an application of organic and mineral fertilizers, a pruning, a splaying of grass between the rows (row spacing),a protection from pests and diseases. The technical effectiveness of applications was determined in different rates against red-headed aphids in the apple orchards. Calculations were made according to generally accepted methods in plant protection and entomology. Results. The use of insecticides Movento 100 SC, Sivanto Prime 200 SL and Transform WG against red-headed aphids provided a reduction of this species in the number of 92.8—97.2%. It allowed to obtain a high — grade apple product with a yield of 1.7—1.9 times higher comparing to control. The outcome of non-standard products did not exceed 4.9% compare to 24.9% in the control (water treatment). Conclusions. The use of insecticides Movento 100 SC, Sivanto Prime 200 SL, Transform WG can reduce effectively the harmfulness of red-headed aphids in apple orchards and control its number during the growing period. A limiting the number of a current sucking species in the apple orchard by using the studied applications provided a yield increase and a marketable quality of the obtained fruit products.

The species composition of the harmful entomofauna of soybean crops in the conditions of rice paddies

Goal. To determine the species composition of soybean phytophages under rice checks. Methods. The main field method with related phenological observations and analyzes. The study of the species composition of soybean pests was carried out in rice paddies of the Institute of Rice of the NAAS by collecting all objects with their subsequent identification. The survey was carried out once every 3—7 days: the first counts were in the third decade of May, when the plants were in the germination phase. Recorded plants were placed diagonally. On the experimental site, five plants were examined in 20 places. Results. Studies have been carried out to clarify the species composition of harmful entomofauna in soybean crops under the conditions of rice checks in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Found 20 species of phytophagus from 7 rows and 11 families and one species of spider mite: мeadow moth (Margaritia sticticalis L.); thistle, or vanessa thistle (Vanessa cardui L.); grass bug (Lygus rugulipennis Popp.); alfalfa bug (Carpocoris fuscispinus Boh.); alfalfa stink bug (Piezodorus lituratus F.); tobacco thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.); scoop-gamma (Autographa gamma L.); alfalfa moth (Chloridea viriplaca Hfn.); green horse (Tettigonia viridissima L.); Italian Prussian (Calliptamus italicus L.); large cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae F.); Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunb.); six-point leafhopper (Macrosteles laevis Kib.); striped leafhopper (Psammotettix striatus L.); nosy tree (Aelia rostrata Bsh.); striped nodule weevil (Sitona lineatus L.); gray bristly weevil (Sitona crinitus Hfn.); cotton scoop (Helicoverpa armigera Hfn.); acacia moth (Etiella zinckenella Tr.), two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.). Conclusions. As a result of research in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, 20 species of phytophagous insects from 7 rows, 11 families and one species of tick were found in soybeans. The vast majority of pests in terms of numbers are among the Lepidoptera — 38%. These species damaged soybeans during the growing season and influenced the formation of the yield.

Status and prospects of plant protection from pests in megapolis

Goal. Conduct screening of modern data on the state of plant protection and its own studies of phytophagus pests of wood plants in the conditions of the metropolis of Ukraine. Methods. Analytical methods and faunistic screening of data literary sources are used on the issue of phytophagus pests of Ukraine. Results. The substantiation of the concept of preventive creation of sustainable urbotocenoses for the use of a wide range of ethnic and introduced species of plants with increased resistance to biotic and abiotic factors has been carried out. The theoretical basis of plant protection should be a preventive system based on the use of environmental protection methods with the restriction of the use of pesticides. Planning for preventive ecologically directed protection of plants from pests should begin with obtaining information about the crop and its varieties (hygrothermal regime of crop cultivation, plant resistance to harmful phytophagous species of this crop, determination of the effect of attractive or antifeeding properties of the crop on entomophages that can be used). The next stage is data on the species composition of phytophages, pests — vectors of causative agents of viral diseases of a given culture and pests that are capable of forming hemipopulations (features of the dynamics of their number, the succession series of their dominance in the process of plant growth and development). Selection of entomophages and determination of their ability to reproduce on an alternative type of food. Based on the preliminary information received, a decision is made to create a multicomponent entomocenosis in plantations before the start of plant development. In order to obtain current information, the phytosanitary state of woody plants is regularly monitored (every 20—30 days) and the dynamics of the number of components of the created useful entomocenosis, as well as a decision is made to replace or supplement its joints. Conclusions. In developing the concept of the formation and functioning of sustainable umbilical phytocoenoses with increased resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of damage to little ethnic and introduced species of plants with harmful organisms. Creation of sustainable urbotocenoses with increased resistance to biotic and abiotic factors has an important environmental and economic significance. The theoretical basis of protection of urbothocoenoses should be based on natural plant protection systems based on the use of environmental methods with the restriction of the use of pesticides.

Laboratory determination of brown rot potato defeating of different varieties

Goal. To determine resistance or susceptibility to brown rot potato in controlled laboratory terms with the perspective for usage receiving data in practice for new varieties breeding by breeding institutions. Methods. The following laboratory methods were used for planting material defeating by brown rot potato causative agent suspense — potato pieces in tubes and potato plant aboveground part grow on artificial substrate. These methods allowed to perform the standard terms during the repeated experiments. Results. The tissue darkening was observed in tuber’s vascular part by the defeating results. It run from the pathogen penetrating place. The defeating degree of development reached 3—4 points. The following varieties: Volodarka, Zvizdal, Opillya, Povin, Rodynna, Schedryk in 2019 and Misteria Soncedar in 2020 were the most defeated by disease causative agent. The defeated plant’s aboveground part withered, changed colour on brown or bronze, curled and slowly dead, the potato’s stem through vascular bundle became brown. This process run slowly from inoculation place. The plant’s slow wither caused by water transport breach on pathogen — defeated vascular. This process expressed on varieties Vendrusha and Soncedar. The less defeated aboveground part were on Glazurna, Knyazha, Poliske dzerelo. Prolisok in 2019, Slauta and Strumok in 2020. Conclusions. The tuber’s and aboveground potato part defeating level of national breeding was determined during the artificial inoculation by brown rot potato causative agent. There were no determined samples with enough resistance to disease. The technique of growing and saving of researched plants in controlled laboratory conditions (with artificial substance usage) adapted for practical usage.

Population and harmfulness of phytophages in peach orchards in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

Goal. To determine the number and harmfulness of the main phytophages on peach cultivars of different ripening terms in order to plan measures to protect the crop from pest damage. Methods. Laboratory-field. The research was carried out in peach orchards of the Scientific and Production Site «Naukova» of Melitopol Fruit Growing Research Station named after M.F. Sydorenka of Institute of Horticulture of NAAS according to generally accepted methods. Monitoring of the number of phytophages was performed on peach cultivars of different ripening terms: Iiun`s`kyi rannii, Melіtopol’s’kyi iasnyi, Charivnyk, Zlatodar, Vireneia, Redhaven, Spokusa, Zolotystii, Mriia and Yuvileinyi Sydorenka during bud swelling, inflorescence opening (pink tip), flowering, growth and maturations of the fruits. Results. Entomoacarocenosis of peach plantations has 15 species of insects pests and 2 species of mites. During the flowering period, the main harmful species was Epicometis hirta Poda., the number of imagoes in different cultivars was 0.3—5.8 specimens/100 flowers. Population intensity of peach trees with green peach aphids (Myzodes persicae Sulz.) for certain cultivars reached the level of 1.9 points, mealy plum aphid (Hyalopterus pruni Geoffr.) — did not exceed 0.8 points. Density of mites, Thrips fuscipennis Haliche and Typhlocyba rosae L. varied in the range of 0.4—2.5; 0.8—2.4; 0.5—1.6 specimen/leaf, respectively. The main fruit-damaging pests in peach orchards were oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha molesta Busck.) and peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella Zell.). The degree of fruit damage by Lepidoptera pest oriental fruit moth on early-ripening peach cultivars was 3.0—4.0%, increased on medium- and late-ripening cultivars to 6.8% and 11.7%, respectively. The level of fruit damage by peach twig borer compared to the eastern fruit moth was 2.8—10.7 times lower, depending on the cultivar. Conclusions. In the conditions of the South of Ukraine, 15 insect pests and 2 species of mites were recorded in peach orchards. During the growing season, the number of most species of phytophagous, including weevils, leafroller moths, mites, thrips, Typhlocyba rosae on different peach cultivars did not exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness. During the flowering period, Epicometis hirta was the threat to peach orchards. In the summer of 2019, the harmful effects of sucking phytophages, in particular aphids, led to delayed growth and development of shoots, deformation of leaves. The main species of pests that reduced the yield and fruit quality were oriental fruit moth and peach twig borer.