scholarly journals How Reporters Can Evaluate Automated Driving Announcements

2020 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Bryant Walker Smith
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Public Expectations ◽  
Technical Accuracy

This article identifies a series of specific questions that reporters can ask about claims made by developers of automated motor vehicles (“AVs”). Its immediate intent is to facilitate more critical, credible, and ultimately constructive reporting on progress toward automated driving. In turn, reporting of this kind advances three additional goals. First, it encourages AV developers to qualify and support their public claims. Second, it appropriately manages public expectations about these vehicles. Third, it fosters more technical accuracy and technological circumspection in legal and policy scholarship.

Adaptive intervention logic for automated driving systems based on injury risk minimization

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (13) ◽  
pp. 2975-2987
Author(s):  
Dario Vangi ◽  
Antonio Virga ◽  
Michelangelo-Santo Gulino
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Adaptive Logic ◽  
Driver Assistance ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
Adaptive Intervention ◽  
Assistance Systems

Performance improvement of advanced driver assistance systems yields two major benefits: increasingly rapid progress towards autonomous driving and a simultaneous advance in vehicle safety. Integration of multiple advanced driver assistance systems leads to the so-called automated driving system, which can intervene jointly on braking and steering to avert impending crashes. Nevertheless, obstacles such as stationary vehicles and buildings can interpose between the opponent vehicles and the working field of advanced driver assistance systems’ sensors, potentially resulting in an inevitable collision state. Currently available devices cannot properly handle an inevitable collision state, because its occurrence is not subject to evaluations by the system. In the present work, criteria for intervention on braking and steering are introduced, based on the vehicle occupants’ injury risk. The system must monitor the surrounding and act on the degrees of freedom adapting to the evolution of the scenario, following an adaptive logic. The model-in-the-loop, software-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop for such adaptive intervention are first introduced. To highlight the potential benefits offered by the adaptive advanced driver assistance systems, simulation software has been developed. The adaptive logic has been tested in correspondence of three inevitable collision state conditions between two motor vehicles: at each instant, the adaptive logic attitude of creating impact configurations associated with minimum injury risk is ultimately demonstrated.

Automated Driving System Collisions: Early Lessons

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Biever ◽  
Linda Angell ◽  
Sean Seaman
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Transportation Safety ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
California Department ◽  
New Class ◽  
Side Impacts ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Lane Keeping

Objective This research evaluated Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) involved collisions to identify factors relevant to future ADS research and development. Background Rapidly developing ADSs promise improved safety, among other benefits. Properly applied collision research can inform ADS development, to minimize future collisions. Errors and failures that result in collisions come from sources including the system, ADS operators, and external factors including other drivers. Partially automated systems incorporate new equipment and procedures creating new sources of human error. Fully autonomous systems represent a new class of drivers that interact in unique ways. Method ADS collision reports from the California Department of Motor Vehicles and the National Transportation Safety Board were collected. An expert in human factors and collision investigation analyzed and categorized the crashes while extracting common factors. Results ADS vehicles were never at fault but were often affected from the rear during braking, turning, and gap acceptance maneuvers. Side impacts to ADS vehicles were related to passing vehicles and lane keeping behaviors. Unique incidents also provided additional insights. ADS collision rates cannot yet be determined with confidence. Conclusion Conflicts that lead to collision-involvement with ADSs may be caused by differences between ADS and human driving behavior. Conservative ADS behavior may violate the expectations of other nearby human road users. Application The findings from this work help inform the future development of ADS, as well as potentially the testing of ADS and the formation of policy to guide their future deployment.

scholarly journals New Technologies and Old Treaties

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 152-157
Author(s):  
Bryant Walker Smith
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Traffic Safety ◽  
The Status

Every road vehicle must have a driver able to control it while in motion. These requirements, explicit in two important conventions on road traffic, have an uncertain relationship to the automated motor vehicles that are currently under development—often colloquially called “self-driving” or “driverless.” The immediate legal and policy questions are straightforward: Are these requirements consistent with automated driving and, if not, how should the inconsistency be resolved? More subtle questions go directly to international law's role in a world that artificial intelligence is helping to rapidly change: In a showdown between a promising new technology and an entrenched treaty regime, which prevails? Should international law bend to avoid breaking? If so, what kind of flexibility is appropriate with respect to both the status and the substance of treaty obligations? And what role should deliberate ambiguity play in addressing these obligations? This essay raises these questions through the concrete case of automated driving. It introduces the road traffic conventions, identifies competing interpretations of their core driver requirements, and highlights ongoing efforts at the Global Forum for Road Traffic Safety to reach a consensus.

Combustion, Hydraulic, and Other Forms of Masculinity

Transfers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Redshaw
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Power ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Social Analysis ◽  
Active Engagement ◽  
Media Images ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Fully Automated Driving

This article presents two representations of masculinity based on media images found in television and online promotion related to motor vehicles. The dominant image in much advertising is the bursting, thrusting power of what I refer to as “combustion” masculinity, identified as active engagement and connected with significant road trauma. The less visible, fluid power found in professional driving that I refer to as “hydraulic” masculinity draws on precision and awareness of the surroundings rather than aggressive force. Social analysis of electric and driverless vehicle promotion and media discussion indicate that moving to electric and fully automated driving requires overcoming the essential contradiction of combustion power, as it is associated with cars and freedom. Alternative modes and images of being mobile must be highlighted in order to challenge the combustion image. Fundamentally, activity should be ascribed to all mobile persons, and policy and mobility systems should be designed to maximize mobility for all.

Long-term variations in individual particle types in the aerosol of Phoenix, Arizona, as determined using automated electron microprobe analysis and multivariate statistical techniques

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 742-743
Author(s):  
Karen A. Katrinak ◽  
James R. Anderson ◽  
Peter R. Buseck
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Coarse Fraction ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Particles ◽  
Anthropogenic Air Pollutants

Aerosol samples were collected in Phoenix, Arizona on eleven dates between July 1989 and April 1990. Elemental compositions were determined for approximately 1000 particles per sample using an electron microprobe with an energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer. Fine-fraction samples (particle cut size of 1 to 2 μm) were analyzed for each date; coarse-fraction samples were also analyzed for four of the dates.The data were reduced using multivariate statistical methods. Cluster analysis was first used to define 35 particle types. 81% of all fine-fraction particles and 84% of the coarse-fraction particles were assigned to these types, which include mineral, metal-rich, sulfur-rich, and salt categories. "Zero-count" particles, consisting entirely of elements lighter than Na, constitute an additional category and dominate the fine fraction, reflecting the importance of anthropogenic air pollutants such as those emitted by motor vehicles. Si- and Ca-rich mineral particles dominate the coarse fraction and are also numerous in the fine fraction.

Selection tests for Army operators of heavy and light motor vehicles.

1953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold I. Stolder ◽  
Lewis R. Vavre ◽  
Charles W. Schumaker ◽  
Robert G. Pefferkorn ◽  
Richard W. Hopper
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicles
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