scholarly journals USE OF HOURLY RATE IN DETERMINING THE COST OF ENGINEERING SERVICES

Author(s):  
Inna Vakhovych ◽  
◽  
Larisa Tereshchenko ◽  
Oleksander Demianenko ◽  
◽  
...  

Engineering services can be provided by specialized engineering companies and individual specialists. Since 2017, Ukraine officially has the profession of engineer-consultant. Qualification Characteristic of engineer-consultant has been approved. Construction customers are allowed to additionally include in the construction cost up to 3% for the payment of the services of an engineer-consultant. The amount of these costs should be justified. An analysis of world experience shows that the main methods used to determine the cost of the services of an engineer-consultant are: temporary payment, a percentage of the construction cost, a one-time fixed payment. Depending on the type of service provided by the consulting engineer, various pricing methods can be applied. An analysis of foreign and domestic sources, as well as our own practical experience in carrying out engineering activities, shows that in order to accurately estimate possible costs and determine the price of services accordingly, an engineering company must take into account a number of factors that characterize the project in which it will participate. Such factors in particular include the class of responsibility of the facility, the scale of the project (cost), the type of construction (reconstruction or restoration), the uniqueness of the facility or individual solutions, complex construction conditions (cramped construction conditions, complex geotechnical conditions, seismicity, etc.) short construction periods or vice versa a long project with a small work intensity, a complex organizational structure of the project, the experience of an engineer in this field, the requirements for the qualifications of personnel, etc. The combination of one or more of the above factors can significantly affect to the size of the labour costs of a consulting engineer. The article summarizes factors which are the most significant and those that are the most convenient for evaluation are selected by the expert assessment method on four criteria. In the future, in order to be included in the Methodology for determining the cost of consultant engineer services, numerical values of the degree of influence of various factors must be determined. They will be included in the Methodology in the form of corresponding coefficients.


Author(s):  
James F. Mancuso

IBM PC compatible computers are widely used in microscopy for applications ranging from control to image acquisition and analysis. The choice of IBM-PC based systems over competing computer platforms can be based on technical merit alone or on a number of factors relating to economics, availability of peripherals, management dictum, or simple personal preference.IBM-PC got a strong “head start” by first dominating clerical, document processing and financial applications. The use of these computers spilled into the laboratory where the DOS based IBM-PC replaced mini-computers. Compared to minicomputer, the PC provided a more for cost-effective platform for applications in numerical analysis, engineering and design, instrument control, image acquisition and image processing. In addition, the sitewide use of a common PC platform could reduce the cost of training and support services relative to cases where many different computer platforms were used. This could be especially true for the microscopists who must use computers in both the laboratory and the office.


Author(s):  
H. Rose

The imaging performance of the light optical lens systems has reached such a degree of perfection that nowadays numerical apertures of about 1 can be utilized. Compared to this state of development the objective lenses of electron microscopes are rather poor allowing at most usable apertures somewhat smaller than 10-2 . This severe shortcoming is due to the unavoidable axial chromatic and spherical aberration of rotationally symmetric electron lenses employed so far in all electron microscopes.The resolution of such electron microscopes can only be improved by increasing the accelerating voltage which shortens the electron wave length. Unfortunately, this procedure is rather ineffective because the achievable gain in resolution is only proportional to λ1/4 for a fixed magnetic field strength determined by the magnetic saturation of the pole pieces. Moreover, increasing the acceleration voltage results in deleterious knock-on processes and in extreme difficulties to stabilize the high voltage. Last not least the cost increase exponentially with voltage.


1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 832-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Solomon ◽  
TK Hasegawa ◽  
JD Shulman ◽  
PO Walker
Keyword(s):  

1998 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-205
Author(s):  
Snellman ◽  
Maljanen ◽  
Aromaa ◽  
Reunanen ◽  
Jyrkinen‐Pakkasvirta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 40-40
Author(s):  
Leslee L. Subak ◽  
Stephen K. Van Den Eeden ◽  
Jeanette S. Brown ◽  
Arona I. Ragins ◽  
Eric Vittinghoff ◽  
...  

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