Intelligence Clash in the Baltic Sea during the Cold War Sigurd Hess

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Cold War

scholarly journals The Baltic Sea and the Black Sea: security challenges and vulnerabilities after the Cold War

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
Mihai Sebastian Chihaia
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
International System ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Cold War

After the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the USSR, the international system changed, becoming a unipolar one. Not only did this fact bring a diffusion of power and the reaffirmation of smaller actors/regional powers, the enlargement of several international organizations such as NATO and the EU, but also prompted regional transition and integration. This paper will focus on two regions that are fundamental in the security environment of Europe and its neighborhood: the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. Both areas suffered important changes after 1990. Furthermore, the areas mentioned have been a rendezvous point for several elements such as the shifting balance of power, political ambitions of smaller states, transit point for global trade routes (Scandinavia, Baltics and the Black Sea) and energy security issues. The article will take into account the concerns of the actors, outlining their security challenges and vulnerabilities as well as identifying similarities between countries from the two regions addressed. The comparison will further address the issues the regions faced after the end of the Cold War such as the emergence of new countries, political and economic transition with emphasis on cooperation initiatives and integration in NATO and EU. The main aim of the article will be to frame the similarities and differences of the political and security environment of the two regions. The structure of the paper goes as follows. I will start by laying out a theoretical framework centred upon the concept of security and what it involves and after that I will introduce and define the two regions discussed in the article, the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea areas and outline the context each of them faced after the end of the Cold War. The next section will address the threats to the stability of the regions, creating the frame for the last part of the article which will make a comparison between the Baltic and the Black Sea areas.

scholarly journals The protection of the sea as a cooperation area case in the Baltic Sea region

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-136
Author(s):  
Tiziana Melchiorre
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Cooperation ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Cold War

This article investigates how the geopolitical interests of states in the Baltic Sea region have determined the emergence and the development of environmental cooperation around the Baltic Sea since the late 1970s. It is shown that the Nordic and the Baltic countries have played a key role in this process and that other actorsm such as the European Union and the United States, also influence environmental cooperation because their geopolitical interests contribute to shape the cooperative links in the region. The United Nations with its legislation and its policies reinforces cooperation in the field. It is also argued that the case of environment around the Baltic Sea is one of the rare successful attempts to establish closer links among states in a particular issue area during the Cold War in Europe. Spanish Este artículo investiga cómo los intereses geopolíticos de los estados de la región del Mar Báltico han determinado la aparición y el desarrollo de la cooperación medioambiental en torno al Mar Báltico desde finales de la década de los setenta. El artículo muestra que tanto los países nórdicos como los países bálticos han jugado un papel clave en este proceso, así como otros actores, entre ellos la Unión Europea y los Estados Unidos, los cuales han influido también en esta cooperación ambiental debido a que sus intereses geopolíticos contribuyeron a dar forma a los vínculos de cooperación en la región. Las Naciones Unidas, a través de su legislación y sus políticas, refuerzan la cooperación en este campo. También se argumenta que el caso de la cooperación medioambiental en el Mar Báltico es uno de los pocos intentos exitosos para establecer relaciones más estrechas entre los estados en un área particular durante la Guerra Fría en Europa. French L'article analyse la naissance et le développement de la coopération dans le domaine de l'environnement sous l'influence des intérêts géopolitiques des États dans la région de la Mer Baltique à partir des années 1970. Les pays nordiques et le pays baltes ont joué un rôle fondamental dans ce processus ainsi que l'UE et les États-Unis dont les intérêts géopolitiques contribuent à former la coopération régionale. Les Nations Unies renforcent la coopération dans ce domaine grâce à leur législation et à leurs politiques. Ce cas de coopération dans le domaine de l'environnement constitue une des rares tentatives réussies pour établir des liens étroits entre les États durant la période de la Guerre Froide en Europe.

Problems in Locating Historic, Unexploded Ordnance in the Baltic Sea

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Uwe Wichert
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Unexploded Ordnance ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The World ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Cold War

AbstractThroughout history, the Baltic Sea has been the scene of wars and conflict. From the Middle Ages to the Cold War, countries have sent their warships and fleets to the Baltic Sea to fight. The relicts of conflicts before 1900 are interesting from an historical perspective, but they are not dangerous. The ammunition used in World Wars I and II, especially from small, intensive battles with smaller forces, are dangerous relics that require special attention. The presence of various kinds of unexploded ordnance (UXO) is known, but their exact locations on the bottom of the sea remain unknown. It is generally accepted that more than 175,000 mines were laid in the Baltic Sea and its approaches, the Skagerrak and Kattegat, during the world wars. Many of the mines have been swept or destroyed, and many more mines have been located during subsequent disposal operations. Although documentation of munitions use is fragmented and is often incomplete, a comprehensive research effort has made operations in the Baltic Sea much more efficient and effective. Locating UXO in the Baltic Sea is aided by knowledge of historic sea charts, navigation procedures, and the use of modern survey equipment.

Sweden and the Baltic Sea Region

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikard Bengtsson
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
European Level ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

Swedish policy towards the Baltic Sea region in the post-Cold-War period reflects an internationalist approach aimed at institutionalizing regional cooperative mechanisms, along with a generic interest in managing relations with Russia. The Baltic region is of significant strategic interest to Sweden. From a strategic foreign policy perspective, the institutions-based approach to regional cooperation can be viewed as a formula for Sweden to multilateralize relations with Russia while simultaneously reaping economic and security benefits that stem from regional and European-level interdependencies. The roles that follow from this approach—as regional integrator and as normative critic of Russia—are increasingly enacted through European channels, primarily the EU.

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