Th cell differentiation in chronic stage of viral myocarditis in mice and interference of Qingxin-Ⅱ Recipe

As the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) sense the microenvironment and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response. DCs can induce both immune activation and immune tolerance according to the peripheral cues. Recent work has established that DCs comprise of several phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subsets that differentially regulate T lymphocyte differentiation. This review summarizes both mouse and human DC subset phenotypes, development, diversification, and function. We focus on advances in our understanding of how different DC subsets regulate distinct CD4+ T helper (Th) cell differentiation, including Th1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper, and T regulatory cells. We review DC subset intrinsic properties, local tissue microenvironments, and other immune cells that together determine Th cell differentiation during homeostasis and inflammation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 39 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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Tubulin‐ and actin‐associating GIMAP4 is required for IFN‐γ secretion during Th cell differentiation

Immunology and Cell Biology ◽

10.1038/icb.2014.86 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 93 (2) ◽

pp. 158-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Mirkka T Heinonen ◽

Kartiek Kanduri ◽

Harri J Lähdesmäki ◽

Riitta Lahesmaa ◽

Tiina A Henttinen

Keyword(s):

Cell Differentiation ◽

Th Cell ◽

Ifn Γ

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SOCS proteins in T helper cell differentiation: implications for allergic disorders?

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine ◽

10.1017/s1462399404008348 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 6 (22) ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Hiromasa Inoue ◽

Masato Kubo

Keyword(s):

Cell Differentiation ◽

Specific Ige ◽

Th2 Cells ◽

T Helper ◽

T Helper 2 ◽

Th Cell ◽

Socs Proteins ◽

Th2 Differentiation ◽

Allergic Disorders

Asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis are allergic immune disorders characterised by a predominance of T helper 2 (Th2) cells, the resulting elevation of allergen-specific IgE, and mast-cell- and basophil-associated inflammation. The cytokine environment at the site of the initial antigen stimulation determines the direction of Th-cell differentiation into Th1 or Th2 cells. The SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signalling) proteins are implicated in the control of the balance between Th1 and Th2 cells in this process. SOCS3 is predominantly expressed in Th2 cells and inhibits Th1 differentiation; conversely, SOCS5 is expressed predominantly in Th1 cells and inhibits Th2 differentiation. Here, we discuss the role of SOCS proteins in Th-cell differentiation and explore the potential of SOCS proteins as targets for therapeutic strategies in allergic disorders.

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Network Robustness Due to Multiple Positive Feedback Loops: A Systematic Study of a Th Cell Differentiation Model

Signal Transduction Insights ◽

10.4137/sti.s3534 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. STI.S3534

Author(s):

Yunchen Gong ◽

Zhaolei Zhang

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Cell Differentiation ◽

Positive Feedback ◽

Direct Interaction ◽

Feedback Loops ◽

Network Robustness ◽

Th Cell ◽

Differentiation Model ◽

Cell Differentiation Model

Positive feedback loops have been identified in many biological signal transduction systems. Their importance in a system's bistability has been well established by identifying multiple steady states of a network under different parameters. In this paper, we identify the contribution of positive feedback loops to network robustness by a systematic comparison between network structures and responses to perturbations at a pre-steady state. Our study is based on a T helper (Th) cell differentiation model in which positive feedback loops give rise to a subnet robustness against both positive and negative perturbations from outside the subnet. Although it is unclear whether this pre-steady state exists in vivo, the results from in silico modeling are in agreement with the reported in vivo observations. Being highly heterogeneous and rarely at a steady state, the disease cells, such as cancer cells, may gain potential resistances to certain drugs in a similar way. From the reverse engineering point of view, our results confirm that, while data from perturbation experiments are very effective in identifying causal relationships among the network components, caution should be taken, as in some circumstances, a direct interaction could be invisible due to positive feedback loops.

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