Chapter 8 assesses Israel’s nuclear policy, why Israel might wish to possess its purported unconventional capabilities, the sources of the ambiguity policy, Israel’s regional arms control policies, and its efforts to prevent WMD proliferation, including the “Begin Doctrine.” The chapter argues that Israel’s nuclear policies have proven highly successful, providing it with the deterrent benefits of an overt posture without the costs, and preventing, thus far, further nuclear proliferation. It concludes with major conundrums Israel may face in the future, for example, whether the Begin Doctrine is still applicable, or whether Israel should prefer, if Iran succeeds in going nuclear, that both sides retain their capabilities, or that neither does and thus pursue regional arms control. Israel would face an even greater dilemma if a multinuclear Middle East emerges. New approaches, for example, an end to nuclear ambiguity, a defense treaty with the United States, or regional arms control, may become necessary.