scholarly journals Free recall measures of short-term store: Are rehearsal and order of recall data necessary?

1975 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 653-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delbert A. Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Recall Data

Effects of Temporal Grouping on Multi-Trial Free Recall

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Frankel ◽  
Steven G. Ames
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Temporal Grouping ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Presentation Time

In two experiments, subjects were given 4 presentations of a list divided temporally into 5 groups of 3 items each (grouped) or received the same word lists at a constant rate of presentation (ungrouped) and matched for over-all presentation time. Grouped presentation enhanced recall only in the later serial positions while decreasing recall in the middle serial positions. Results of Exp. I also showed differences in order of recall. The results of Exp. II demonstrated that order of recall was not related to the differences in recall produced by grouping. Implications for short-term memory and memory consolidation were discussed.

Effect of Recall Condition, Presentation Rate and Retention Interval on Short-Term Memory

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas L. Rohrman ◽  
John C. Jahnke
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
University Students ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Recall Condition ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

A total of 300 university students were presented a brief list of non-alphanumeric items and instructed to recall immediately either the items (free recall, FR), the order in which the items were presented (order recall, OR), or both (serial recall, SR). Presentation rate and retention interval were additional experimental variables in Exp. I and II, respectively. In both experiments significant differences in recall were found between FR conditions and the remaining two, which did not differ from each other. More items were recalled at the slow than fas: rate. Retention interval was not a significant variable. Results suggest that retention will improve when order information is eliminated from recall (Brown, 1958), that the recall of item and order information involve at least partially independent memory processes, and that, while the recall of items may proceed independently of the recall of their order, the converse is not true.

MICRO-DYNAMIC ASSOCIATED WITH TWO-STATE NONLINEAR MARKOV PROCESSES: WITH AN APPLICATION TO FREE RECALL

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 41-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. FRANK ◽  
T. RHODES
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Markov Processes ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Variational Calculus ◽  
State Model ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Nonlinear Markov Processes ◽  
Many Body Systems ◽  
Two State Model

We examine the relationship between time-discrete nonlinear Markov processes defined in terms of nonlinear Markov chains and corresponding micro-dynamic models describing many-body systems composed of a finite number of units interacting with each other via a mean field. To this end, we consider a two-state model and examine appropriately defined measures for attractor strength and noise amplitude using variational calculus. We focus on a two-state model and demonstrate an application to free recall data from 8 participants.

Buffer Storage Modality and Identification Time in Tachistoscopic Recognition

1976 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Stimulus Information ◽  
Stimulus Quality ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Rapid Sequence ◽  
Tachistoscopic Recognition

According to Sperling's (1967) model of short-term memory briefly presented masked stimuli are rapidly read into a non-visual Recognition Buffer (the RB model). An alternative interpretation of the data is that the stimulus information is coded into a non-iconic Visual Buffer where it is held while a much slower recognition process takes place (the VB model). The high frequency of errors in experiments with sequentially presented stimuli appears to refute the possibility that recognition is as rapid as suggested by the RB model. However these data may be attributed to variations in effective stimulus duration and stimulus quality rather than to slow recognition time. In an experiment to control for these effects, normal, laterally inverted and spaced digits were presented in a rapid sequence (1–10 items/s) with intervening pattern masks to keep the stimulus/mask interval constant. The recall data showed that order errors increased with rate of presentation but that item errors remained invariant. At the fastest rates of presentation there were fewer order errors for spaced than for coincident digits. It was argued that the results, as a whole, were more consistent with the VB than the RB model and that there is no evidence for identification times as fast as 10–40 ms/item.

Short-term Temporal Changes in Free Recall

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Postman ◽  
Laura W. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Counting Task

An experimental study of short-term memory for lists of familiar English words is reported. Lists of 10, 20, and 30 unrelated words were presented at a 1-sec. rate. Retention was measured by free recall after intervals of 0, 15 and 30 sec. A counting task was used to prevent rehearsal during the retention interval. The absolute level of recall increased with length of list whereas the percentages retained showed the reverse trend. The recall scores decreased steadily as a function of retention interval, with the rates of forgetting comparable for the three lengths of list. The decline in the amount recalled was due in large measure to the loss of the terminal items in the list. Consequently, the pronounced recency effect present on the immediate test of recall was progressively reduced as a function of time. By contrast retention of the initial part of the list was relatively stable. These variations in rate of forgetting are attributed to differences among serial positions in susceptibility to proactive inhibition.

Review Effects of Inserted Questions on Learning from Prose

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B. Sefkow ◽  
Jerome L. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Intentional Learning ◽  
False Statement ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Recall Data

Two experiments were performed to determine whether questions inserted after prose passages initiate a review which substantially facilitates retention of the information in memory. Students listened to five prose passages, and immediately after each were asked to verify either a true inference drawn from the passage or a false statement. Subsequent free-recall data, collected under both incidental and intentional learning instructions, demonstrated the existence of a review effect (true-probed passage recall exceeded false-probe recall) and indicated selective strengthening of those relations related to the probe. When students listened to the passages and were then given the inferences exclusively as retrieval cues at the time of recall, the effect disappeared. This suggests that the backward review effect can not be attributed solely, or even substantially, to a cueing or retrieval phenomenon but rather to a strengthening or integration of the memory traces at the time of the probe.

scholarly journals Free Recall of Bound Information Held in Short-Term Memory is Unimpaired by Age and Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica Sanches Yassuda ◽  
Maria Teresa Carthery-Goulart ◽  
Mario Amore Cecchini ◽  
Luciana Cassimiro ◽  
Katarina Duarte Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Binding Condition ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Recall Paradigm

Abstract Objectives It has been challenging to identify cognitive markers to differentiate healthy brain aging from neurodegeneration due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that are not affected by age and education. The Short-Term Memory Binding (STMB) showed not to be affected by age or education when using the change detection paradigm. However, no previous study has tested the effect of age and education using the free recall paradigm of the STMB. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate age and education effects on the free recall version of the STMB test under different memory loads. Methods 126 healthy volunteers completed the free recall STMB test. The sample was divided into five age bands and into five education bands for comparisons. The STMB test assessed free recall of two (or three) common objects and two (or three) primary colors presented as individual features (unbound) or integrated into unified objects (bound). Results The binding condition and the larger set size generated lower free recall scores. Performance was lower in older and less educated participants. Critically, neither age nor education modified these effects when compared across experimental conditions (unbound v. bound features). Conclusions Binding in short-term memory carries a cost in performance. Age and education do not affect such a binding cost within a memory recall paradigm. These findings suggest that this paradigm is a suitable cognitive marker to differentiate healthy brain aging from age-related disease such as AD.

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