scholarly journals Free Recall of Bound Information Held in Short-Term Memory is Unimpaired by Age and Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica Sanches Yassuda ◽  
Maria Teresa Carthery-Goulart ◽  
Mario Amore Cecchini ◽  
Luciana Cassimiro ◽  
Katarina Duarte Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Binding Condition ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Recall Paradigm

Abstract Objectives It has been challenging to identify cognitive markers to differentiate healthy brain aging from neurodegeneration due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that are not affected by age and education. The Short-Term Memory Binding (STMB) showed not to be affected by age or education when using the change detection paradigm. However, no previous study has tested the effect of age and education using the free recall paradigm of the STMB. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate age and education effects on the free recall version of the STMB test under different memory loads. Methods 126 healthy volunteers completed the free recall STMB test. The sample was divided into five age bands and into five education bands for comparisons. The STMB test assessed free recall of two (or three) common objects and two (or three) primary colors presented as individual features (unbound) or integrated into unified objects (bound). Results The binding condition and the larger set size generated lower free recall scores. Performance was lower in older and less educated participants. Critically, neither age nor education modified these effects when compared across experimental conditions (unbound v. bound features). Conclusions Binding in short-term memory carries a cost in performance. Age and education do not affect such a binding cost within a memory recall paradigm. These findings suggest that this paradigm is a suitable cognitive marker to differentiate healthy brain aging from age-related disease such as AD.

Effects of Temporal Grouping on Multi-Trial Free Recall

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Frankel ◽  
Steven G. Ames
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Temporal Grouping ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Presentation Time

In two experiments, subjects were given 4 presentations of a list divided temporally into 5 groups of 3 items each (grouped) or received the same word lists at a constant rate of presentation (ungrouped) and matched for over-all presentation time. Grouped presentation enhanced recall only in the later serial positions while decreasing recall in the middle serial positions. Results of Exp. I also showed differences in order of recall. The results of Exp. II demonstrated that order of recall was not related to the differences in recall produced by grouping. Implications for short-term memory and memory consolidation were discussed.

Effect of Recall Condition, Presentation Rate and Retention Interval on Short-Term Memory

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas L. Rohrman ◽  
John C. Jahnke
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
University Students ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Recall Condition ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

A total of 300 university students were presented a brief list of non-alphanumeric items and instructed to recall immediately either the items (free recall, FR), the order in which the items were presented (order recall, OR), or both (serial recall, SR). Presentation rate and retention interval were additional experimental variables in Exp. I and II, respectively. In both experiments significant differences in recall were found between FR conditions and the remaining two, which did not differ from each other. More items were recalled at the slow than fas: rate. Retention interval was not a significant variable. Results suggest that retention will improve when order information is eliminated from recall (Brown, 1958), that the recall of item and order information involve at least partially independent memory processes, and that, while the recall of items may proceed independently of the recall of their order, the converse is not true.

Visual Short-Term Memory, Age, and Imaging Ability

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Adamowicz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Visual Masking ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Stimulus Complexity ◽  
Verbal Intelligence ◽  
Response Delay ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Age Related

Visual short-term memory of young and older adults was studied in relation to imaging ability. Both recall and recognition memory tasks were used and additional variables included stimulus complexity and response delay (recognition tasks) and stimulus complexity and visual masking (recall tasks). Young and older participants were matched on visual discrimination, verbal intelligence, and imaging ability. Stimuli consisted of abstract visual patterns. Age-related decrements in recognition and recall were observed but performance was related to imaging ability only with recall tasks and only for older adults. The results were discussed with reference to mediational strategies and locus of occurrence of age-related decrements in short-term memory.

scholarly journals Comparison between the timing of the occurrence of taste sensitivity changes and short-term memory decline due to aging in SAMP1 mice

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248673
Author(s):  
Masataka Narukawa ◽  
Suzuka Takahashi ◽  
Aya Kamiyoshihara ◽  
Kentaro Matsumiya ◽  
Takumi Misaka
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Alternation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Taste Sensitivity ◽  
Alternation Behavior ◽  
Spontaneous Alternation Behavior ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Old Mice

Several studies have suggested that cognitive impairment affects taste sensitivity. However, the mechanism behind this is still unclear. In this study, we focused on short-term memory. Using senescence-accelerated mouse prone 1 (SAMP1) mice, we compared whether the effects of aging are observed earlier in taste sensitivity or short-term memory. We used 8-week-old mice as the young group, and 70- and 80-week-old mice as aged groups. Taste sensitivity was evaluated using a 48-hour two-bottle preference test, and short-term memory was evaluated using the Y-maze test. SAMP1 mice showed apparently changes in taste sensitivity at 70-weeks-old. However, the influence of aging on spontaneous alternation behavior, which is indicative of short-term memory alterations, was not observed in 70-week-old mice. At 80-weeks-old, the influence of aging was observed, and spontaneous alternation behavior was significantly decreased. This suggests that age-dependent changes in taste sensitivity occur prior to short-term memory function decline. In addition, there was no significant influence of aging on the mRNA expression of long-term potentiation-related genes in the hippocampus of 80-week-old mice. Therefore, the age-related decline of short-term memory may not affect taste sensitivity.

“I Think I Can Remember” Age-Related Changes in Self-Efficacy for Short-Term Memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Gagan Bajaj ◽  
DasmineFraclita D'Souza ◽  
VinithaMary George ◽  
Sudhin Karuppali ◽  
JayashreeS Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

Short-term Temporal Changes in Free Recall

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Postman ◽  
Laura W. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Counting Task

An experimental study of short-term memory for lists of familiar English words is reported. Lists of 10, 20, and 30 unrelated words were presented at a 1-sec. rate. Retention was measured by free recall after intervals of 0, 15 and 30 sec. A counting task was used to prevent rehearsal during the retention interval. The absolute level of recall increased with length of list whereas the percentages retained showed the reverse trend. The recall scores decreased steadily as a function of retention interval, with the rates of forgetting comparable for the three lengths of list. The decline in the amount recalled was due in large measure to the loss of the terminal items in the list. Consequently, the pronounced recency effect present on the immediate test of recall was progressively reduced as a function of time. By contrast retention of the initial part of the list was relatively stable. These variations in rate of forgetting are attributed to differences among serial positions in susceptibility to proactive inhibition.

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