scholarly journals Word skipping during sentence reading: effects of lexicality on parafoveal processing

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wonil Choi ◽  
Peter C. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Parafoveal Processing ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Word Skipping

scholarly journals Predictability effects and parafoveal processing in older readers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Veldre ◽  
Roslyn Wong ◽  
Sally Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Parafoveal Processing ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Reading Measures ◽  
Word Skipping ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Normative aging is accompanied by visual and cognitive changes that impact the systems that are critical for fluent reading. The patterns of eye movements during reading displayed by older adults have been characterized as demonstrating a trade-off between longer forward saccades and more word skipping versus higher rates of regressions back to previously read text. This pattern is assumed to reflect older readers’ reliance on top-down contextual information to compensate for reduced uptake of parafoveal information from yet-to-be fixated words. However, the empirical evidence for these assumptions is equivocal. This study investigated the depth of older readers’ parafoveal processing as indexed by sensitivity to the contextual plausibility of parafoveal words in both neutral and highly constraining sentence contexts. The eye movements of 65 cognitively intact older adults (61-87 years) were compared with data previously collected from young adults in two sentence reading experiments in which critical target words were replaced by valid, plausible, related, or implausible previews until the reader fixated on the target word location. Older and younger adults showed equivalent plausibility preview benefits on first-pass reading measures of both predictable and unpredictable words. However, older readers did not show the benefit of preview orthographic relatedness that was observed in young adults, and showed significantly attenuated preview validity effects. Taken together, the data suggest that older readers are specifically impaired in the integration of parafoveal and foveal information but do not show deficits in the depth of parafoveal processing. The implications for understanding the effects of aging on reading are discussed.

scholarly journals Parafoveal pre-processing in children reading English: The importance of external letters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara V. Milledge ◽  
Hazel I. Blythe ◽  
Simon P. Liversedge
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Parafoveal Processing ◽  
Unrelated Control ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Boundary Paradigm ◽  
Child Readers

Abstract Although previous research has demonstrated that for adults external letters of words are more important than internal letters for lexical processing during reading, no comparable research has been conducted with children. This experiment explored, using the boundary paradigm during silent sentence reading, whether parafoveal pre-processing in English is more affected by the manipulation of external letters or internal letters, and whether this differs between skilled adult and beginner child readers. Six previews were generated: identity (e.g., monkey); external letter manipulations where either the beginning three letters of the word were substituted (e.g., rackey) or the last three letters of the word were substituted (e.g., monhig); internal letter manipulations; e.g., machey, mochiy); and an unrelated control condition (e.g., rachig). Results indicate that both adults and children undertook pre-processing of words in their entirety in the parafovea, and that the manipulation of external letters in preview was more harmful to participants’ parafoveal pre-processing than internal letters. The data also suggest developmental change in the time course of pre-processing, with children’s pre-processing delayed compared to that of adults. These results not only provide further evidence for the importance of external letters to parafoveal processing and lexical identification for adults, but also demonstrate that such findings can be extended to children.

scholarly journals Cross-linguistic differences in parafoveal semantic and orthographic processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh B. Fernandez ◽  
Christoph Scheepers ◽  
Shanley E. M. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Parafoveal Processing ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
German Word ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Boundary Paradigm

AbstractIn this study we investigated parafoveal processing by L1 and late L2 speakers of English (L1 German) while reading in English. We hypothesized that L2ers would make use of semantic and orthographic information parafoveally. Using the gaze contingent boundary paradigm, we manipulated six parafoveal masks in a sentence (Mark found th*e wood for the fire; * indicates the invisible boundary): identical word mask (wood), English orthographic mask (wook), English string mask (zwwl), German mask (holz), German orthographic mask (holn), and German string mask (kxfs). We found an orthographic benefit for L1ers and L2ers when the mask was orthographically related to the target word (wood vs. wook) in line with previous L1 research. English L2ers did not derive a benefit (rather an interference) when a non-cognate translation mask from their L1 was used (wood vs. holz), but did derive a benefit from a German orthographic mask (wood vs. holn). While unexpected, it may be that L2ers incur a switching cost when the complete German word is presented parafoveally, and derive a benefit by keeping both lexicons active when a partial German word is presented parafoveally (narrowing down lexical candidates). To the authors’ knowledge there is no mention of parafoveal processing in any model of L2 processing/reading, and the current study provides the first evidence for a parafoveal non-cognate orthographic benefit (but only with partial orthographic overlap) in sentence reading for L2ers. We discuss how these findings fit into the framework of bilingual word recognition theories.

Errata

1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-176
Keyword(s):  
Speech Audiometry ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Sentence Reading

In the November 1968 issue of this journal, Margaret M. Martyn’s name was misspelled Martin on page 315. In the same issue, page 325, column 2 (Jerger, Speaks, and Trammell, “A New Approach to Speech Audiometry”), the sentence reading “Whenever the loss is sloping, however, the PB area underestimates and the SSI area overestimates the amount of handicap” should read as follows: “Whenever the loss is sloping, however, the PB area overestimates and the SSI area underestimates the amount of the handicap.”

Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
José David Moreno ◽  
José A. León ◽  
Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

Inhibitory Effects of Transposed Letter Neighbours During Silent Sentence Reading

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ascension Pagan ◽  
Hazel Blythe ◽  
Kevin Paterson ◽  
Simon Liversedge
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Sentence Reading
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