scholarly journals Generalised Crossover

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Patrick D. Elliott ◽  
Yasutada Sudo
Keyword(s):  
Quantifier Scope ◽  
Presupposition Projection ◽  
Full Explanation ◽  
Pronominal Anaphora ◽  
Semantic Dependencies ◽  
Anaphoric Expression

Crossover (CO) is a constraint on anaphoric dependencies, according to which, quantifier scope can feed pronominal anaphora unless the anaphoric expression precedes the quantifier. We demonstrate that effects reminiscent of CO arise with presupposition as well, and propose to generalise CO as follows: Projective content (quantifier scope, presupposition projection, etc.) feeds semantic dependencies (pronominal anaphora, presupposition satisfaction), unless the semantically dependent expression precedes the trigger of the projective content. We call this generalisation, Generalised Crossover (GCO). Although we cannot offer a full explanation for GCO in this paper, we will discuss its implications for recent theories of CO.

Reflections on the Cognitive Interviewing Reporting Framework

Methodology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Willis ◽  
Hennie Boeije
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Cognitive Interviewing ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Reporting Framework ◽  
Full Explanation ◽  
Key Steps

Based on the experiences of three research groups using and evaluating the Cognitive Interviewing Reporting Framework (CIRF), we draw conclusions about the utility of the CIRF as a guide to creating cognitive testing reports. Authors generally found the CIRF checklist to be usable, and that it led to a more complete description of key steps involved. However, despite the explicit direction by the CIRF to include a full explanation of major steps and features (e.g., research objectives and research design), the three cognitive testing reports tended to simply state what was done, without further justification. Authors varied in their judgments concerning whether the CIRF requires the appropriate level of detail. Overall, we believe that current cognitive interviewing practice will benefit from including, within cognitive testing reports, the 10 categories of information specified by the CIRF. Future use of the CIRF may serve to direct the overall research project from the start, and to further the goal of evaluation of specific cognitive interviewing procedures.

Evidence for Competition During the Processing of Relative Quantifier Scope

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Paterson ◽  
Simon P. Liversedge ◽  
Ruth Filik
Keyword(s):  
Quantifier Scope

Abnormal Platelet Serotonin Uptake and Binding Sites in Myeloproliferative Disorders

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (03) ◽  
pp. 349-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Caranobe ◽  
P Sié ◽  
F Fernandez ◽  
J Pris ◽  
S Moatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Myeloproliferative Disorders ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Binding Data ◽  
Full Explanation ◽  
Number Of Binding Sites ◽  
5 Ht Uptake ◽  
Kinetics Of

SummaryA simultaneous investigation of the kinetics of serotonin (5 HT) uptake and of binding sites was carried out in the platelets of normal subjects and of 10 patients affected with various types of myeloproliferative disorders (MD). The 5 HT uptake was analysed according to the Lineweaver-Burk and the Eadie-Hofstee methods. With the two methods, the patient’s platelets exhibited a dramatic reduction of the Vi max and of the Km; in some patients the Eadie-Hofstee analysis revealed that a passive diffusion phenomenon is superimposed on the active 5 HT uptake at least for the higher concentration used. The binding data were analysed with the Scatchard method. Two classes of binding sites (high affinity - low capacity, low affinity - high capacity) were found in normal subjects and patients. Pharmacological studies with imipramine, a specific inhibitor of 5 HT uptake, suggested that both the sites are involved in 5 HT uptake. The number of both binding sites was significantly decreased in patient’s platelets while the affinity constants of these binding sites were not significantly reduced in comparison with those of the control subjects. No correlations were found between Vi max, Km and the number of binding sites. These results suggest that a reduction in the number of platelet membrane acceptors for 5 HT commonly occurs in myeloproliferative disorders but does not provide a full explanation of the uptake defect.

Presupposition Projection of Conditionals

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-89
Author(s):  
Seong Eun Park
Keyword(s):  
Presupposition Projection

Using Semantic Dependencies to Mine Depressive Symptoms from Consultation Records

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Hsien Wu ◽  
Liang-Chih Yu ◽  
Fong-Lin Jang
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Semantic Dependencies

scholarly journals ON THE RELEVANCE OF HEAD GOVERNMENT TO QUANTIFIER SCOPE

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (0) ◽  
pp. 223-243
Author(s):  
TOMOYUKI TANAKA
Keyword(s):  
Quantifier Scope

Organizing Groups for Collective Action

1986 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1171-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn M. Dawes ◽  
John M. Orbell ◽  
Randy T. Simmons ◽  
Alphons J. C. Van De Kragt
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Motivational Factors ◽  
Fair Share ◽  
Free Ride ◽  
Full Explanation ◽  
Base Analysis ◽  
Money Back Guarantee

How can the beneficiaries of collective action be persuaded to contribute the resources (time, energy, money) necessary for the effort to succeed? Rational and selfish players will recognize they can free ride on the successful contributions of others. If the effort is not successful, they will lose a contribution—and be “suckered.” Other than relying on altruism, organizers of the group effort can modify incentives so that players are more prepared to contribute. Laboratory experiments offer one way of assessing the effectiveness of various such modifications; we conducted such tests to see how well contributing is promoted by (1) assuring contributors that they will not lose if the group effort fails (a “money-back guarantee”) and (2) enforcing contributions if it succeeds (“fair share”). We expect the latter to be more successful because it is “stable,” unlike the former, whose success can be undermined by expectations of that success. Three experimental replications demonstrate that the money-back guarantee is no more successful than a standard dilemma, but fair-share requirements increase contributing significantly over that base. Analysis of subjects' expectations about others' behavior offers some support to the hypothesized process undermining the money-back guarantee, but motivational factors must also be taken into account for a full explanation.

scholarly journals Anaphora resolution without world knowledge

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilson J. Leffa
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Expository Text ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Anaphora Resolution ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Semantic Constraints ◽  
Pronominal Anaphora ◽  
Sentence Subject

A typical problem in the resolution of pronominal anaphora is the presence of more than one candidate for the antecedent of the pronoun. Considering two English sentences like (1) "People buy expensive cars because they offer more status" and (2) "People buy expensive cars because they want more status" we can see that the two NPs "people" and "expensive cars", from a purely syntactic perspective, are both legitimate candidates as antecedents for the pronoun "they". This problem has been traditionally solved by using world knowledge (e.g. schema theory), where, through an internal representation of the world, we "know" that cars "offer" status and people "want" status. The assumption in this paper is that the use of world knowledge does not explain how the disambiguation process works and alternative explanations should be explored. Using a knowledge poor approach (explicit information from the text rather than implicit world knowledge) the study investigates to what extent syntactic and semantic constraints can be used to resolve anaphora. For this purpose, 1,400 examples of the word "they" were randomly selected from a corpus of 10,000,000 words of expository text in English. Antecedent candidates for each case were then analyzed and classified in terms of their syntactic functions in the sentence (subject, object, etc.) and semantic features (+ human, + animate, etc.). It was found that syntactic constraints resolved 85% of the cases. When combined with semantic constraints the resolution rate rose to 98%. The implications of the findings for Natural Language Processing are discussed.

scholarly journals COERCION, FRAUD, AND WHAT IS WRONG WITH BLACKMAIL

Legal Theory ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Galoob
Keyword(s):  
Full Explanation

ABSTRACTSeveral theorists argue that blackmail is morally wrong because the blackmail proposal is coercive. These coercion-based views are promising but incomplete. A full explanation of blackmail's immorality must address both the blackmail proposal and the blackmail agreement. I defend what I call the complex account, on which blackmail is morally wrong because blackmail proposals are coercive and blackmail agreements are fraudulent. The complex account avoids difficulties that beset other coercion-based views and provides a stronger case for why blackmail should be criminalized.

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