scholarly journals To Compare and Demonstrate the Safety and Efficacy of Antithrombotic Agents and Fibrinolytics in the Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome Assessment, Evaluation and Management of Adverse Events

Author(s):  
Bonaspur Srivan ◽  
Gandola Ashwini ◽  
Mangali Kalyani ◽  
Patheparupu Gopi Pavan Kumar

Antithrombotic therapy and Fibrinolytics are central to the management of Acute Coronary Syndrome. These are high alert medications that are prone to adverse effects thus requiring strict monitoring. Effective usage of these medications results in reduction of recurrent ischaemic events including MI and stent thrombosis. Reducing the ischemic events and maintaining a balance between normal physiological coagulability and the bleeding is vital to avoid bleeding complications during the therapy. This therapy induced adverse effects increases mortality and morbidity rate. In our study we are mainly focussing on, comparing and demonstrating the effectiveness of enoxaparin over heparin and Tenecteplase over streptokinase and to assess, evaluate and management of adverse events by Narinjo assessment scale. Majority of adverse events were seen in subjects with social history of alcoholism, this shows alcoholism decreasing the threshold to adverse events. Causality assessment of adverse effects were 17.45% Possible and 91.6% were probable. The streptokinase was found superior than tenecteplase and enoxaparin was found superior than heparin in terms of adverse events and hospitalisation period. ACS is an drastic health disorder that increases the morbidity rate, mortality rate, economic burden and well being of the persons. Thus individualisation of drug regimen and strategies for early detection, monitoring and management of adverse events is mandatory.

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
Kevin White ◽  
Judy Currey ◽  
Julie Considine

Topic Patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention are at risk of clinical deterioration that results in similar general signs and symptoms regardless of its cause. However, specific causes and forms of clinical deterioration are associated with key differences in assessment findings. Focused clinical assessments using a modified primary survey enable nurses to rapidly identify the cause and form of clinical deterioration, facilitating targeted treatment. Clinical Relevance Clinical deterioration during percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Previous studies identified nursing inconsistencies when recognizing clinical deterioration, with inconsistent collection of cues and prioritization of cues related to cardiac performance over more sensitive indicators of clinical deterioration. Purpose of Paper To describe a framework to help nurses optimize physiological cue collection to improve recognition of clinical deterioration during periprocedural care of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for unstable acute coronary syndrome. Content Covered Literature analysis revealed 7 forms of clinical deterioration in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: coronary artery occlusion, stroke, ventricular rupture, valvular insufficiency, lethal cardiac arrhythmias, access-site and non–access-site bleeding, and anaphylaxis. Evidence for the pathophysiology, incidence, severity, and clinical features of each form of clinical deterioration is identified. A framework is proposed to help nurses conduct highly focused patient assessments, enabling prompt recognition of and response to the specific forms of clinical deterioration that occur in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.


2009 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. CMC.S2289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taysir S. Garadah ◽  
Salah Kassab ◽  
Qasim M. Al-Shboul ◽  
Abdulhai Alawadi

Recent studies indicated a high prevalence of hyperglycemia in non-diabetic patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the threshold of admission glucose (AG) as a predictor of adverse events in ACS is unclear. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the threshold of admission glucose (AG) as a predictor of adverse events including Major Acute Cardiac Events (MACE) and mortality, during the first week of admitting patients presenting with ACS. Material and Methods The data of 551 patients with ACS were extracted and evaluated. Patients were stratified according to their blood glucose on admission into three groups: group 1: <7 mmol/L (n = 200, 36.3%) and group 2: >7 mmol/L and <15 mmol/L (n = 178, 32.3%) and group 3: ≥15 mmol/L (n = 173, 31.4%). Stress hyperglycemia was arbitrarily defined as AG levels > 7 mmol/L (group 2 and 3). Patients with ACS were sub-divided into two groups: patients with unstable angina (UA, n = 285) and those with ST segment elevation myocardial Infarction (STEMI, n = 266) and data were analyzed separately using multiple regression analysis. Results The mean age of patients was 59.7 ± 14.8 years and 63% were males. The overall mortality in the population was 8.5% (5.4% in STEMI and 3.1% in UA) patients. In STEMI patients, the odds ratio of stress hyperglycemia as predictor of mortality in group 3 compared with group 1 was 3.3 (CI 0.99-10.98, P < 0.05), while in group 2 compared with group 1 was 2.4 (CI: 0.75-8.07, P = 0.065) after adjustment for age and sex. Similarly, in UA patients, the odds ratio of stress hyperglycemia in group 3 compared with group 1 was 2.7 (CI 0.37-18.98, P < 0.05), while in group 2 compared with group 1 was 2.4 (CI: 0.4-15.2, P = 0.344) after adjustment for age and sex. The incidence of more than 2 MACE in both STEMI and UA patients was higher in group 3 compared with the other two groups. Regression analysis showed that history of DM, high level of LDL cholesterol, high level of HbA1c, and anterior infarction were significant predictors of adverse events while other risk factors such as BMI, history of hypertension and smoking were of no significance. Conclusion This study indicates that the stress hyperglycemia on admission is a powerful predictor of increased major adverse events and hospital mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Raghavendra Rao K ◽  
S. Reddy ◽  
J. R. Kashyap ◽  
K. Vikas ◽  
Hithesh Reddy ◽  
...  

Very late stent thrombosis (VLST) is a catastrophic and life-threatening complication after percutaneous coronary intervention which presents as an acute coronary syndrome with significantly high mortality and morbidity. VLST is a rare entity with drug-eluting stents and even rarer with bare metal stents. The exact pathophysiologic mechanism of VLST after BMS implantation is not known although various mechanisms have been proposed. Recently, in-stent neoatherosclerosis with intimal plaque rupture has been proposed as a potential mechanism of VLST after BMS. We report a rare case of VLST occurring 17 years after BMS implantation with angiographic and intravascular imaging evidence which provides insight into the mechanisms of VLST.


2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 911-918
Author(s):  
Etsuko Tsuda

AbstractFifty years have passed since the first report of Kawasaki disease in 1967, and the prevalence of acute coronary syndrome in Kawasaki disease patients with coronary artery lesions exceeding 40 years old has increased. Primary coronary stent implantation is currently an acceptable method in ischaemic coronary heart disease in adults. However, it is unknown whether the stent implantation is effective or not in this population. As the clue to answer this question, I reviewed the references on Kawasaki disease patients who underwent the stent implantations between 1997 and 2019. Thirty-three patients underwent stent implantations for 34 coronary arteries. Adverse effects in the late period were found in 19 (68%) of 28 vessels with follow-up angiograms. There were complete occlusion 9, restenosis 8, and migration 2. A new aneurysm formation was found in 7 (37%) among the 19 vessels, and 6 (86%) of the 7 vessels were drug-eluting stent and 5 were found after the procedure for chronic total occlusion. The adverse effects free-rate at 1 year and 3 years were 57 and 25%, respectively. At present, the usefulness of stent implantation in the long-term results was scarce. Even if primary percutaneous coronary intervention without a stent implantation is performed for acute coronary syndrome, it can be expected to maintain the patency of the culprit lesion for several years. It is better to avoid a stent implantation as long as possible in this population. Knowing the long-term efficacy and complications of stent implantations is important for deciding the procedure.


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